Controlled switching for electrochromic devices

ABSTRACT

An electrochromic device is structured to selectively switch separate regions to separate transmission levels, based at least in part upon different transport rates of different charged electrolyte species in the separate regions. Charged electrolyte species can be introduced in various regions of one or more electrochromic stack layers, including a counter-electrode layer, ion-conducting layer, and electrochromic layer. The charged electrolyte species can have different transport rates, so that a distribution of one species introduced in some regions move between layers and different rates relative another distribution of another species introduced in some regions. A species can be introduced, in one or more regions, in one or more particular distributions associated with a particular transmission pattern to structure the electrochromic device to selectively switch to the particular transmission pattern. Species can be introduced via various processes, including ion implantation, chemical diffusion, etc.

PRIORITY INFORMATION

This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/013,406, filed Jun. 17, 2014 titled “CONTROLLEDSWITCHING FOR ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES,” which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Electrochromic devices include electrochromic materials that are knownto change their optical properties, such as coloration, in response tothe application of an electrical potential, thereby making the devicemore or less transparent or more or less reflective. Typicalelectrochromic (“EC”) devices include a counter electrode layer (“CElayer”), an electrochromic material layer (“EC layer”) which isdeposited substantially parallel to the counter electrode layer, and anionically conductive layer (“IC layer) separating the counter electrodelayer from the electrochromic layer respectively. In addition, twotransparent conductive layers (“TC layers”) respectively aresubstantially parallel to and in contact with the CE layer and the EClayer. The EC layer, IC layer, and CE layer can be referred tocollectively as an EC stack, EC thin film stack, etc.

Materials for making the CE layer, the EC layer, the IC layer and the TClayers are known and described, for example, in US. Patent ApplicationNo. 2008/0169185, incorporated by reference herein, and desirably aresubstantially transparent oxides or nitrides. When an electric potentialis applied across the layered structure of the electrochromic device,such as by connecting the respective TC layers to a low voltageelectrical source, ions, which can include Li+ ions stored in the CElayer, flow from the CE layer, through the IC layer and to the EC layer.In addition, electrons flow from the CE layer, around an externalcircuit including a low voltage electrical source, to the EC layer so asto maintain charge neutrality in the CE layer and the EC layer. Thetransfer of ions and electrons to the EC layer causes the opticalcharacteristics of the EC layer, and optionally the CE layer in acomplementary EC device, to change, thereby changing the coloration and,thus, the transparency of the electrochromic device.

Changes in coloration of a medium, which can include one or more layers,stacks, devices, etc., can be described as changes in “transmission” ofthe medium. As used hereinafter, transmission refers to the permittanceof the passage of electromagnetic (EM) radiation, which can includevisible light, through the medium, and a “transmission level” of themedium can refer to a transmittance of the medium. Where a mediumchanges transmission level, the medium may change from a cleartransmission state (“full transmission level”) to a transmission levelwhere a reduced proportion of incident EM radiation passes through themedium. Such a change in transmission level may cause the coloration ofthe medium to change, the transparency to change, etc. For example, amedium which changes from a full transmission level to a lowertransmission level may be observed to become more opaque, darker incoloration, etc.

In some cases, an EC device can switch between separate transmissionlevels based at least in part upon application of an electric potentialacross the EC device. Such application, which can include applying oneor more separate voltages to one or more separate layers of the ECdevice, can cause one or more layers of the EC stack, including the EClayer, CE layer, etc. to change coloration, transparency, etc. In somecases, it may be desirable for different regions of an EC stack tochange transmission levels differently, so that application of anelectric potential across the EC stack causes separate regions of the ECstack to change from to separate ones of two or more differenttransmission levels.

In some cases, an electrochromic device can be located in an environmentwhich includes moisture. For example, an electrochromic device may beexposed to an ambient environment in which the ambient environment is amixture of ambient air and water vapor. Moisture from the ambientenvironment can permeate through various layers of the EC device,including the EC stack. Where an EC stack is sensitive to moisture,permeation of moisture to the EC stack can cause degraded performance ofthe EC stack, including a degraded ability of the EC stack to changecoloration based at least in part upon applied electric potential.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, and FIG. 1C illustrate plan and cross-sectional views,respectively, of an EC device which comprises multiple separate ECregions, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2A illustrates a window surface which is a multi-layer surface thatincludes an EC device with separate EC regions, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 2B-D illustrate plan views of an EC device which comprises multipleseparate EC regions, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3A-B illustrate a camera device 300 according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4A-C illustrate an apparatus which can include one or moreelectrochromic devices which are structured to selectively switchseparate EC regions between different transmission levels to selectivelyapodize a window through which light passes from an imaged subject to alight sensor of a camera, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate a circular EC device which is selectivelyapodized, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5C illustrates a transmission distribution pattern of an apodizedEC device portion as a function of intensity against distance from thecenter of the EC device, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates an EC device which includes a circular EC region andan annular EC region encircling the circular EC region, according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates an EC device which includes a circular EC region andat least two concentric annular EC regions which extend outward from thecircular region, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 8A-E illustrate an EC device, which includes multiple layersdeposited on a substrate, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9A-B illustrate separate segmentation operations which areimplemented on the separate conductive layers of an EC device to segmentthe conductive layers to establish the separate EC regions, according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates a top view of a circular EC device to which eightseparate electrodes are coupled and comprising at least three concentricannular EC regions, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 11A-C illustrate an EC device which includes an EC stack andseparate conductive layers on opposite sides of the EC stack, accordingto some embodiments.

FIG. 12A-D illustrate various methods of changing sheet resistance invarious conductive layer regions of one or more conductive layers of anEC device, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 13 illustrates adjusting the sheet resistance in various regions ofa conductive layer to structure an EC device to selectively switch to aparticular transmission pattern, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 14A-B illustrate perspective and cross-sectional views,respectively, of an EC device which includes a short of the EC stack,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 15 illustrates a graphical representation of a relationship betweenpotential difference and transmission level of the EC stack of an ECdevice, upon application of a particular voltage to one or more of theconductive layers of the EC device, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 16A illustrates an EC device which includes a short of the EC stackand a conductive layer in which the sheet resistance of variousconductive layer regions is altered to structure the EC device toselectively switch the EC stack from one transmission state to aparticular transmission pattern, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 16B illustrates a graphical representation of various transmissionpatterns of an EC device, a transmission pattern of an EC deviceincluding a short and a transmission pattern of an EC device whichincludes one or more sheet resistance distributions through one or moreconductive layer regions, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 17 illustrates an EC device which includes multiple concentricannular EC regions extending outward from a central short of the ECstack included in the EC device, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 18A-B illustrates an EC device including one or more EC stacklayers with various distributions of various charged electrolyte specieswith different transport rates.

FIG. 19A-G illustrate a process of fabricating a passivated EC device,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 20A-B illustrate an EC device subsequent to depositing the topencapsulation layer on the EC device and coupling one or more sets ofbus bars to the EC device, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 21A-D illustrate an EC Device which includes a laminatedencapsulation layer, according to some embodiments.

The various embodiments described herein are susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms. Specific embodiments are shown byway of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail.It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detaileddescription thereto are not intended to limit the disclosure to theparticular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within thespirit and scope of the appended claims. The headings used herein arefor organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limitthe scope of the description or the claims. As used throughout thisapplication, the word “may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaninghaving the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaningmust). Similarly, the words “include,” “including,” and “includes” meanincluding, but not limited to.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Various embodiments of an electrochromic (EC) device and methods forconfiguring an electrochromic device are disclosed. An EC device can bestructured to selectively switch between different transmission levelsin different regions of the EC device. The methods for configuring an ECdevice can include methods for configuring the EC device to selectivelyswitch between different transmission levels in different regions of theEC device. An EC device can be structured to restrict moisturepermeation between an EC stack of the device and an externalenvironment. The methods for configuring an EC device can includemethods for structuring the EC device to restrict moisture permeationbetween an EC stack of the device and an external environment.

As used hereinafter, “configuring” an EC device can be referred tointerchangeably as “structuring” the EC device, and an EC device whichis “configured to” do something can be referred to interchangeably as anEC device which is “structured” to do something, “structurallyconfigured” to do something, etc.

I. Controlled Electrochromic Switching with Isolated ElectrochromicRegions

In some embodiments, an electrochromic (EC) device includes multipleregions (“EC regions”) which are independently controllable, so that twoor more separate regions can be selectively switched, reversiblyswitched, etc. to separate ones of at least two different transmissionlevels. In some embodiments, the two or more separate EC regions can beswitched to one or more separate transmission patterns, including one ormore transmission distribution patterns. In some embodiments, each ofthe EC regions of the EC device may have the same or different sizes,volume, and/or surface areas. In other embodiments, each of the ECregions may have the same or different shapes (including curved orarcuate shapes).

FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, and FIG. 1C illustrate plan and cross-sectional views,respectively, of an EC device 100 which comprises multiple separate ECregions, according to some embodiments. In the illustrated embodiments,EC device 100 comprises an EC stack 102 and at least two separateconductive layers 104A-B on opposite sides of the EC stack. The EC stack102 can include one or more of an EC layer, IC layer, and CE layer. Theconductive layers 104A-B can include one or more transparent conductive(TC) layers.

Each conductive layer 104A-B is segmented into separate respectivesegments 106A-B, 108A-B by separate segmentations 142A-B in the separatelayers 104A-B. The conductive layers can be segmented via variouswell-known cutting processes, ablation processes, etc. In someembodiments, one or more of the segmentations 142A-B in a conductivelayer 104A-B is a cut that extends at least partially through the layer.In some embodiments, one or more segmentations 142A-B is an ablationline. A laser can be used to produce one or more of the segmentations142A-B. Lasers that are suitable for producing the segmentations caninclude one or more solid-state lasers, including Nd:YAG at a wavelengthof 1064 nm, and excimer lasers, including ArF and KrF excimer lasersrespectively emitting at 248 nm and 193 nm. Other solid-state andexcimer lasers are also suitable.

As shown in the illustrated embodiments of FIG. 1A-C, an EC device 100can include multiple EC regions 110, 120, 130, where one or moreboundaries of the EC regions is defined by one or more segmentations142A-B of one or more of the conductive layers 104A-B. For example, asshown in FIG. 1A-B, EC region 120 has boundaries which are defined bysegmentations 142A-B of the conductive layers 104A-B.

In some embodiments, EC regions in an EC device can include at least oneEC region which is isolated from a direct electrical connection with oneor more electrodes. As referred to herein, a direct electricalconnection between an EC region and an electrode can refer to anelectrode being physically coupled to a portion of the EC device that islocated within the respective EC region. For example, in the illustratedembodiment, EC region 110 includes direct electrical connections withboth electrodes 152, 156, and EC region 130 includes direct electricalconnections with both electrodes 154, 158. In contrast, none of theelectrodes 152-158 which are coupled to EC device 100 are physicallycoupled to the EC device 100 in region 120. As a result, EC region 120may be understood to be isolated from a direct electrical connectionwith any of the electrodes 152-158. In addition, EC region 120 may beunderstood to be an “inner” EC region and regions 110, 130 may beunderstood to be “outer” EC regions, as EC region 120 is bounded, on atleast two sides, by the EC regions 110, 130. Electrodes 152-158 caninclude one or more bus bars which are applied to one or more portionsof the EC device via one or more various well-known processes.

In some embodiments, an “isolated” EC region which is isolated fromdirect electrical connections with any electrodes can have an indirectelectrical connection with one or more electrodes, via one or more“interposing” EC regions which interpose the indirect electricalconnection between the isolated EC region and one or more electrodes.For example, where an electrode is coupled to a conductive layer segmentin one region, and the segment extends through both the one region andanother region in which no electrodes are physically coupled (i.e., anisolated EC region), the segment can establish an “indirect” electricalconnection between the electrode and the isolated region via theportions of the segment which extend through at least the EC region inwhich the electrode is physically coupled and the isolated region. As aresult, the one or more EC regions through which the conductive layersegment extends between the electrode and the isolated EC region,including the EC region in which the electrode is physically coupled,are understood to be “interposing” EC regions which interpose anindirect electrical connection between the isolated EC region and theelectrode.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1A-C, for example, EC region 120is an “isolated” region that is isolated from any direct electricalconnections with any of the electrodes 152-158 coupled to EC device 110,and EC regions 110, 130 are “interposer” regions which each interpose aseparate indirect electrical connection between EC region and a separateone of electrodes 152, 158. For example, conductive layer segment 106Aextends through both EC regions 110 and 120, and electrode 152 isphysically coupled to segment 106A. As a result, the conductive layersegment 106A establishes an electrical connection between electrode 152and EC region 120, so that an electrical potential difference across theEC stack 102 in region 120 can be established based at least in partupon an applied voltage to electrode 152. Because the electrode 152 isnot physically coupled to the segment 106A in region 120, and isphysically coupled to the segment 106A in region 110, the electricalconnection between EC region 120 and electrode 152 is to be understoodto be “indirect”, while the electrical connection between EC region 110and electrode 152 is to be understood to be “direct”.

In some embodiments, the electrical potential difference, also referredto as a “potential difference”, across an EC stack in a given EC regiondetermines the maximum rate of current flow through the respectiveportion of the EC stack in that EC region from the CE layer of the ECstack to the EC layer of the EC stack, causing the EC device in thegiven region to change transmission level, which can includetransforming to a colored state and, thus, causing coloring of the ECdevice. Current can flow at a rate proportional to the potentialdifference across the layers of the device, provided there is a readysupply of charge, in the form of lithium ions and electrons, to satisfythe requirements.

Some embodiments of an EC device can include conductive layers which aresegmented into conductive layer segments which include a majorconductive layer segment and a minor conductive layer segment. Eachmajor conductive layer segment is structured to extend through at leastone outer EC region, and at least a portion of an inner EC region. Forexample, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1A-C, conductive layer104A is segmented into conductive layer segments which include a majorconductive layer segment 106A and a minor conductive layer segment 106B.Segment 106A extends through outer region 110 and through an entirety ofinner region 120. Segment 106B extends through outer region 130.Similarly, conductive layer 104B is segmented into conductive layersegments which include a major conductive layer segment 108A and a minorconductive layer segment 108B. Segment 108A extends through outer region130 and through an entirety of inner region 120. Segment 108B extendsthrough outer region 110. In the illustrated embodiment, where outerregions 110 and 130 are interposing EC regions which interpose at leastone indirect electrical connection between region 120 and one or moreelectrodes 152-158, each major segment 106A, 108B is understood toextend through a separate interposing region and into the EC region 120which is isolated from any direct electrical connection with any of theelectrodes 152-158.

As both major segments 106A, 108A extend through EC region 120, onopposite sides of the EC stack 102, the major segments 106A, 108A areunderstood to “overlap” on opposite sides of the EC stack 102 in ECregion 120. As a result, segments 106A and 108A establish an electricalpathway between electrodes 152, 158 through EC region 120. Thus, anelectrical potential difference, also referred to herein as a “potentialdifference”, across the EC stack 102 in region 120 can include adifference between the applied voltage to electrode 152 and the appliedvoltage to electrode 158. Furthermore, as at least one portion of eachof the major conductive layer segments 106A-B extend through the ECregion 120, which can be understood to be an “inner” EC region that isisolated from direct electrical connections with any electrodes, theconductive layer segments in the illustrated embodiment may beunderstood to be arranged in a rotationally symmetric configuration.

As minor conductive layer segment 106B extends through EC region 130,segment 106B can be understood to “overlap” with the portion of themajor conductive layer segment 108A which extends through region 130 onthe opposite side of EC stack 102. As a result, segments 106B and 108Aestablish an electrical pathway between electrodes 154, 158 through ECregion 130. Thus, a potential difference across the EC stack 102 inregion 130 can include a difference between the applied voltage toelectrode 154 and the applied voltage to electrode 158. As minorconductive layer segment 108B extends through EC region 110, segment108B can be understood to “overlap” with the portion of the majorconductive layer segment 106A which extends through region 110 on theopposite side of EC stack 102. As a result, segments 108B and 106Aestablish an electrical pathway between electrodes 152, 156 through ECregion 110. Thus, a potential difference across the EC stack 102 inregion 110 can include a difference between the applied voltage toelectrode 152 and the applied voltage to electrode 156.

In some embodiments, the electrical pathways through separate EC regionsare different pathways between different sets of electrodes. As aresult, different potential differences can be established (“induced”)across separate regions of an EC device, based at least in part upondifferent voltages applied to different electrodes. Applying separatevoltages to separate electrodes, so that different potential differencesare induced in different EC regions, can cause separate regions of theEC stack in the separate EC regions to change transmission leveldifferently. For example, applying separate voltages to separateelectrodes can cause separate EC regions to switch from a commontransmission level, which can include a clear or “full” transmissionstate, to separate ones of at least two different transmission levels.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 1C, separate voltages are appliedto each of the separate electrodes 152-158, which causes separatepotential differences across at least two separate sets of EC regions,which causes the EC stack to change to different transmission levels inthe separate sets of EC regions. As shown, because an electrical pathwayis established between electrodes 152, 156 through EC region 110, andanother electrical pathway is established between electrodes 154, 158through EC region 130, the illustrated application of 2 volts toelectrode 152, 0 volts to electrode 156, 3 volts to electrode 154, and 1volt to electrode 158 results in a 2-volt potential difference acrossthe separate regions of the EC stack that are located in the separate ECregions 110, 130. As the transmission level of the EC stack can have aninverse relationship with the potential difference across the EC stack,inducing a 2-volt drop across the EC stack in each of separate ECregions 110, 130 can cause the portions of the EC stack in the separateregions 110, 130 to change transmission level, as shown.

Because the electrical pathway through “isolated” EC region 120 isbetween electrodes 152 and 158, a 1-volt drop is established across theregion of the EC stack 102 that is in the EC region 120. As thepotential difference in EC region 120 is different than the potentialdifferences in EC regions 110, 130, the EC region 120 can switch to atransmission level which is different from the transmission levels towhich EC regions 110, 130 are switched. As shown, because the potentialdifference in EC region 120 is less than the potential difference in ECregions 110, 130, the transmission level of EC region 120 can be greaterthan the transmission level of EC regions 110, 130.

As shown, the potential differences through the separate EC regions 110,120, 130 can be independently controlled via application of particularvoltages to the separate electrodes 152-158. As potential differencesthrough the separate EC regions cause the EC regions to switchtransmission level, independent control of potential differences inseparate EC regions enables independent control of transmission levelsin the separate EC regions. In one example, as shown in the illustratedembodiment of FIG. 1A-C, the EC device is structured to selectivelyswitch each of separate EC regions from a common transmission level to aseparate one of at least two different transmission levels. Suchswitching of transmission levels can be reversible.

In some embodiments, the EC regions are independently controlled toswitch between different transmission levels, so that the EC deviceswitches between at least one particular transmission pattern. Forexample, the EC device may be structured so that, when voltages areselectively applied to separate electrodes in the EC device, theseparate EC regions switch from a common transmission level to separatetransmission levels, so that the EC device has a particular transmissionpattern established by the different EC regions of the EC device havingdifferent transmission levels. Such independent control of transmissionlevel switching by different EC regions can enable independent controlof tint level of various EC regions of an EC device. In someembodiments, regions can be shaped to form some or all of a particularpattern, which can include one or more logos, names, pictures, etc., sothat the EC device is structured to cause a pattern to appear, based atleast in part upon different EC regions of the EC device switching todifferent transmission levels. FIG. 2A illustrates a window surface 200which is a multi-layer surface that includes an EC device 210 withseparate EC regions 202, 204, according to some embodiments. EC device210 can include some or all of EC device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A-C,including one or more isolated EC regions. For example, region 204 canbe an EC region which is isolated from direct electrical connectionswith any electrodes, including any bus bars, coupled to any other ECregions of EC device 210. Region 202 may be an interposer EC regionwhich interposes an indirect electrical connection between region 204and one or more electrodes.

In some embodiments, regions 202, 204 are established via one or morevarious structuring of EC device 210. Such structuring can includesegmenting one or more conductive layers, including one or more TClayers, of the EC device 210, as discussed above. Such structuring caninclude one or more various other structuring discussed further below,including adjusting sheet resistances of one or more layers of the ECdevice 210, introducing charged electrolyte species with differenttransport rates in different regions of the EC stack of EC device 210,etc. EC device 210 may be structured to resist moisture permeationbetween the EC stack of EC device 210 and an external environment, asfurther discussed below. Region 204 is shaped to match a particular7-pointed star pattern. In some embodiments, region 204 includes one ormore EC regions which are encircled by one or more EC regions 202, sothat none of the EC regions 204 bound an outer edge of EC device 210.

Inducing different potential differences across the EC device in theseparate regions 202, 204, causes the separate regions 202, 204 toswitch to different transmission levels. As a result, the 7-pointed starpattern becomes observable, as shown. Where no potential differences areinduced across both regions 202, 204, or where the potential differencesin both EC regions 202, 204 are the same, the pattern may not beobservable. As a result, the surface 200 can be selectively switched,based at last in part upon applying one or more certain voltages to oneor more electrodes coupled to surface 200, between a certaintransmission state, where EC regions 202, 204 are at a commontransmission level and the star pattern is not observable, to anothertransmission state where the EC regions 202, 204 are at differenttransmission levels, and the star pattern is visible.

In some embodiments, an electrochromic device which includes multiple ECregions which can be independently controlled to selectively switch toseparate transmission levels is included in a camera aperture filter ofa camera device, where the EC regions of the EC device can beselectively switched between separate transmission levels to controldiffraction of images captured by the camera.

FIG. 2B-D illustrate plan views of an EC device 250 which comprisesmultiple separate EC regions, according to some embodiments. In theillustrated embodiments, EC device 250 comprises an EC stack 270 and atleast two separate conductive layers 260, 280 on opposite sides of theEC stack 270. The EC stack 270 can include one or more of an EC layer,IC layer, and CE layer. The conductive layers 260, 280 can include oneor more transparent conductive (TC) layers.

As shown in FIG. 2B-C, each conductive layer 260, 280 is segmented intoseparate respective segments 262A-B, 282A-B by separate segmentations267, 287 in the separate layers 260, 280. The conductive layers can besegmented via various well-known cutting processes, ablation processes,etc. In some embodiments, one or more of the segmentations 267, 287 in aconductive layer is a cut that extends at least partially through thelayer. In some embodiments, one or more segmentations 267, 287 is anablation line. A laser can be used to produce one or more of thesegmentations 267, 287. Lasers that are suitable for producing thesegmentations can include one or more solid-state lasers, includingNd:YAG at a wavelength of 1064 nm, and excimer lasers, including ArF andKrF excimer lasers respectively emitting at 248 nm and 193 nm. Othersolid-state and excimer lasers are also suitable.

As shown in the illustrated embodiments of FIG. 2B-D, an EC device 250can include multiple EC regions 292A-B and 290, where one or moreboundaries of the EC regions is defined by one or more segmentations267, 287 of one or more of the conductive layers 260, 280. For example,as shown in FIG. 2B-D, EC region 290 has boundaries which are defined bysegmentations 267, 287 of the conductive layers 260, 280. As shown inFIG. 2B-D, the size and shape of region 290 can be adjusted based on thesegmentations 267, 287.

In some embodiments, EC regions in an EC device can include at least oneEC region which is isolated from a direct electrical connection with oneor more electrodes. As referred to herein, a direct electricalconnection between an EC region and an electrode can refer to anelectrode being physically coupled to a portion of the EC device that islocated within the respective EC region.

For example, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B-D, EC region 292Aincludes direct electrical connections with both electrodes 266A, 286A,and EC region 292B includes direct electrical connections with bothelectrodes 266B, 286B. In contrast, none of the electrodes 266, 286which are coupled to EC device 250 are physically coupled to the ECdevice 250 in region 290. As a result, EC region 290 may be understoodto be isolated from a direct electrical connection with any of theelectrodes 266, 286. In addition, EC region 290 may be understood to bean “inner” EC region and regions 292A-B may be understood to be “outer”EC regions, as EC region 290 is bounded, on at least two sides, by theEC regions 292A-B. Electrodes 266, 286 can include one or more bus barswhich are applied to one or more portions of the EC device via one ormore various well-known processes.

In some embodiments, an “isolated” EC region which is isolated fromdirect electrical connections with any electrodes can have an indirectelectrical connection with one or more electrodes, via one or more“interposing” EC regions which interpose the indirect electricalconnection between the isolated EC region and one or more electrodes.For example, where an electrode is coupled to a conductive layer segmentin one region, and the segment extends through both the one region andanother region in which no electrodes are physically coupled (i.e., anisolated EC region), the segment can establish an “indirect” electricalconnection between the electrode and the isolated region via theportions of the segment which extend through at least the EC region inwhich the electrode is physically coupled and the isolated region. As aresult, the one or more EC regions through which the conductive layersegment extends between the electrode and the isolated EC region,including the EC region in which the electrode is physically coupled,are understood to be “interposing” EC regions which interpose anindirect electrical connection between the isolated EC region and theelectrode.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B-D, for example, EC region 290is an “isolated” region that is isolated from any direct electricalconnections with any of the electrodes 266, 286 coupled to EC device250, and EC regions 292A-B are “interposer” regions which each interposea separate indirect electrical connection between EC region and aseparate one of electrodes 266, 286. For example, conductive layersegment 262B extends through both EC regions 292A-B, and electrode 266Bis physically coupled to segment 262B. As a result, the conductive layersegment 262B establishes an electrical connection between electrode 266Band EC region 292A, so that an electrical potential difference acrossthe EC stack 270 in region 290 can be established based at least in partupon an applied voltage to electrode 266B. Because the electrode 266B isnot physically coupled to the portion of segment 262B located in region290, and is physically coupled to the portion of segment 262B located inregion 292B, the electrical connection between EC region 290 andelectrode 266B is to be understood to be “indirect”, while theelectrical connection between EC region 292B and electrode 266B is to beunderstood to be “direct”.

Some embodiments of an EC device can include conductive layers which aresegmented into conductive layer segments which include a majorconductive layer segment and a minor conductive layer segment. Eachmajor conductive layer segment is structured to extend through at leastone outer EC region, and at least a portion of an inner EC region.

For example, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B-D, conductivelayer 280 is segmented into conductive layer segments which include amajor conductive layer segment 282A and a minor conductive layer segment282B. Segment 282A extends through outer region 292A and through anentirety of inner region 290. Segment 282B extends through outer region292B. Similarly, conductive layer 260 is segmented into conductive layersegments which include a major conductive layer segment 262B and a minorconductive layer segment 262A. Segment 262B extends through outer region292B and through an entirety of inner region 290. Segment 262A extendsthrough outer region 292A. In the illustrated embodiment, where outerregions 292A-B are interposing EC regions which interpose at least oneindirect electrical connection between region 290 and one or moreelectrodes 266, 286, each major segment 262B, 282A is understood toextend through a separate interposing region and into the EC region 292which is isolated from any direct electrical connection with any of theelectrodes 266, 286.

As both major segments 262B, 282A extend through EC region 290, onopposite sides of the EC stack 270, the major segments 262B, 282A areunderstood to “overlap” on opposite sides of the EC stack 270 in ECregion 290. As a result, segments 262B and 282A establish an electricalpathway between electrodes 266B, 286A through EC region 290. Thus, anelectrical potential difference, also referred to herein as a “potentialdifference”, across the EC stack 270 in region 290 can include adifference between the applied voltage to electrode 266B and the appliedvoltage to electrode 286A.

FIG. 3A-B illustrate a camera device 300 according to some embodiments.The camera device 300 includes a housing 310 in which an aperture 312, alens 315, and a light sensor 316 are located. Light from a subject 302outside the camera 300 passes through the aperture 313 of the filter,through the lens 315, and on to light sensor 316. As shown in FIG. 3A-Bthe aperture 313 can be adjusted in size, based at least in part uponadjusting the filter 314, to control the amount of light which reachesthe lens 315 and light sensor 316. Such adjustment of the aperture 313size can include selectively adjusting the transmission level of variousportions of the aperture filter 312, including selectively darkeningannular regions of the filter 312, to adjust the size of aperture 313.Such adjustment of the aperture 313 size can adjust the depth of field318 of an image of the subject 302 which is captured on the light sensor316. For example, in FIG. 3A, where the aperture is “dilated” and arelatively large amount of light from subject 302 reaches the sensor316, the depth of field 318 can be narrow, so that an image of thesubject 302 may be focused on the subject, but images of the backgroundand foreground, relative to the subject, may be blurred, relative to thesubject 302. In FIG. 3B, where the aperture 313 is “constricted” byfilter 314, a relatively small amount of light from subject 302 reachesthe sensor 316; as a result, the depth of field 318 can be widened,relative to FIG. 3A, so that the field of sharp focus extends in frontof, and behind the subject 302 in the captured image.

In some embodiments, light passing through an aperture 313 exhibits adiffraction pattern. Such a diffraction pattern can include thewell-known Airy diffraction pattern (also referred to as an “Airydisk”). As is well known, a diffraction pattern, including an Airy disk,of a point light source imaged through an aperture 313 can result in abright central region, surrounded by concentric bright rings (the “Airypattern”). The diffraction pattern can be characterized by one or moreof the wavelength of light through the aperture and the size of theaperture 313. In some embodiments, a capability of a camera device 300to resolve detail on a subject 302 can be limited by diffraction, suchthat light from a subject 302 forms an Airy pattern (including an Airydisk) with a central spot with concentric patterns. Where two or moresubjects 302 are included in an image captured by the camera 300 and areseparated by an angle sufficiently small to cause an Airy pattern aroundthe respective subjects 302 on the sensor 316 to overlap, the two ormore subjects 302 may not be clearly resolved in the captured image.

In some embodiments, the light from subject 302 which passes through theperiphery of the lens, is approximately equal to the amount of lightpassing through center of the lens 315. As a result, elements in theforeground and background of a captured image, which may be blurredrelative to the subject 302, may be present as sharp objects in acaptured image. This can cause the subject 302 to be less vivid in acaptured image relative to the blurred foreground and backgroundobjects. In some embodiments, a camera device is configured to apodizethe light passing through the camera, so that less light passes throughthe periphery of the lens, relative to the center of the lens.Apodization can include apodizing the aperture 313. Such apodizationresults in diffusion at the edges of the out-of-focus elements capturedin the image of subject 302 at sensor 316. Such diffusion results insmoothing of the out-of-focus elements, and enables the subject 302 tostand out more vividly against the out-of-focus elements.

In some embodiments, apodizing a camera aperture 313 enables augmentedresolution of images by the camera 300, as the diffraction patternsaround an image of a subject 302 on the sensor 316 may be reduced. Forexample, an apodized aperture 313, reducing the amount of light whichpasses through the periphery of the lens 315, can result in an image ofa subject 302 where the Airy patterns around the image of the subjectare reduced in intensity, if not removed altogether. In addition,sensitivity of the light sensor 316 to aberrations in the lens 315 maybe mitigated.

In some embodiments, one or more portions of a camera 300, including oneor more of the lens 315, aperture filter 312, etc., includes an ECdevice structured to selectively switch separate regions betweenseparate transmission levels, so that the EC device can selectivelyapodize one or more of the aperture 313, lens 315, etc.

FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B illustrate an apparatus which can be included in acamera device, including camera 300 illustrated in FIG. 3, and caninclude one or more electrochromic devices which are structured toselectively switch separate EC regions between different transmissionlevels to selectively apodize a window through which light passes froman imaged subject to a light sensor of the camera, according to someembodiments. Apparatus 400 can be included in a camera aperture filter312, such that window 410 is the aperture 313, a lens 315, can beseparate from each, etc.

Apparatus 400 includes an EC device 402 which is coupled to a substrate404. The substrate can comprise one or more of various materials. Insome embodiments, a substrate includes one or more of a transparent orreflective material, including a material which can reflect at least onewavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum. The substrate can includeone or more various transparent materials, including one or moreglasses, crystalline materials, polymer materials, etc. Crystallinematerials can include Sapphire, Germanium, silicon, etc. Polymermaterials can include PC, PMMA, PET, etc. A substrate can have one ormore various thicknesses. For example, a substrate can have one or morethicknesses between 1 to 100 microns thick, inclusively. A substrate caninclude one or more thermally tempered materials, chemically temperedmaterials, etc. For example, a substrate can include GORILLA GLASS™. Asubstrate can include materials having one or more various thermalexpansion coefficients. A substrate can include one or more of an IGU,TGU, laminate, monolithic substrate, etc. The substrate 404 can face outof a camera device in which apparatus 400 is included, toward subjectsto be imaged. In some embodiments, the surface of substrate 404 which isopposite the surface on which the EC device 402 is included is exposedto an ambient environment external to the camera device. EC device caninclude various layers, including one or more conductive layers, ECstack layers, etc., as discussed elsewhere in the disclosure. In someembodiments, the EC device includes one or more encapsulation layers andis structured to restrict, mitigate, prevent, etc., moisture permeationbetween an EC stack in the device 402 and an external environmentrelative to apparatus 400, including an ambient environment. Supportstructure 406 can include one or more electrical pathways which candistribute electrical power through the structure 406. Support structure406 includes a “flex” structure 408 which supports the EC device 402 andsubstrate 404, and a connection element 407 which both couples thestructure 406 to the EC device 402 and electrically couples with one ormore electrodes (“terminals”) of the EC device to establish anelectrical connection between the EC device 402 and one or more powersources via one or more electrical pathways in the structure 406.

EC device 402, in some embodiments, is structured to selectively switchvarious EC regions of the device 402 to separate, different transmissionlevels. Such selective switching can establish one or more varioustransmission patterns in the window 410. In some embodiments, and asdiscussed further below, the EC device 402 includes multiple concentricannular EC regions, and one or more of the annular EC regions can beswitched to one or more separate transmission levels to selectivelyapodize the window 410. For example, the EC device 402 may switchmultiple concentric annular regions from a common transmission level toseparate ones of different transmission levels, where at least one ofthe annular EC regions has a higher transmission level than anotherannular region which is further from the center of the window 410. Suchselective apodization can be based at least in part upon one or morecertain voltages applied to one or more certain electrodes 412A-B of theEC device 402, as shown in FIG. 4C.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B illustrate a circular EC device 500, which can beincluded in one or more EC devices illustrated in at least FIG. 4A-C,which is selectively apodized, according to some embodiments. Device 500includes an outer portion 510, which restricts light transmission, andan inner portion 520, which includes EC regions which are independentlycontrollable, so that each of the EC regions can be separately switchedfrom a common transmission level to a separate one of at least twodifferent transmission levels. In the illustrated embodiment, portion520 is shown in a transmission state where all EC regions in portion 520are at a common transmission level. This common transmission level canbe a full transmission level, so that portion 520 is, in FIG. 5A, in aclear transmission state. In FIG. 5B, device 500 is shown where themultiple regions in portion 520 are selectively switched to separatetransmission levels, so that portion 520 is switched from a cleartransmission state to a particular transmission pattern. In theillustrated embodiment, the various EC regions in portion 520 includeconcentric annular EC regions extending outward towards portion 510 fromthe center 530 of portion 520. In some embodiments, one or moretransmission patterns of one or more EC regions can include one or morevarious continuous transmission distribution patterns. In theillustrated embodiment of FIG. 5B, for example, EC device 500 switchesto a transmission distribution pattern that is centered on the center530, where the greatest transmission level in portion 520 is at center530, and the transmission level continuously decreases as a function ofdistance outward from center 530 and towards one or more edge portionsof the EC device 500. In some embodiments, the transmission distributionpattern approximates a Gaussian pattern, also referred to herein as a“Gaussian”.

FIG. 5C illustrates a transmission distribution pattern of an apodizedEC device portion, as shown in FIG. 5B, as a function of transmissionagainst distance from the center 530, where the distribution pattern 580approximates a Gaussian 590, according to one embodiment. As usedherein, a distribution which approximates a Gaussian can include adistribution pattern which matches a Gaussian through multiple orders ofmagnitude in transmission. For example, in FIG. 5C, the transmissiondistribution pattern 580 in portion 520 approximates a Gaussian 590, asthe pattern 580 matches the Gaussian 590 down to six orders of magnitudein transmission. In some embodiments, a transmission pattern to which anEC device can switch is separate from an approximation of a Gaussian.

In some embodiments, a continuous distribution pattern in an EC deviceis established based at least in part upon a sufficiently large numberof EC regions, one or more distributions through the EC device which areassociated with the transmission distribution pattern, etc. Suchdistributions are discussed further below.

In some embodiments, an EC device can be selectively switched to anon-continuous distribution pattern. An EC device may include multipleregions which can be controlled to switch to discrete and separatetransmission levels, thus resulting in a “stepped” transmission pattern.FIG. 6 illustrates an EC device 600, which can be included in one ormore EC devices illustrated in at least FIG. 4A-C, which includes acircular EC region 620 and an annular EC region 610 encircling thecircular EC region 620, according to some embodiments. The EC device, insome embodiments, independently controls potential difference across atleast one of the regions 610-620 to selectively switch between at leasttwo transmission states, where at least one transmission state can bewhere both EC regions 610-620 have a common transmission level,including a clear transmission state. Another transmission state can bewhere the separate EC regions 610, 620 are switched from a commontransmission level to at least two separate transmission levels. In someembodiments, EC region 620 is isolated from any electrical connections,so that transmission level control is restricted to annular EC region610. EC region 610 can be controlled to switch between separatetransmission levels to apodize EC device 600.

FIG. 7 illustrates an EC device 700 which includes a circular EC region730 and at least two concentric annular EC regions 710, 720 which extendoutward from the circular region 730, according to some embodiments. ECdevice 700 can be included in one or more EC devices illustrated in atleast FIG. 4A-C. The circular region 730 may be isolated from anyelectrical connection, direct, indirect, or otherwise, with any of theelectrodes coupled to the EC device, and the inner annular EC region 720may be isolated from any direct electrical connection, while outerannular EC region 710 may interpose an indirect electrical connectionbetween EC region 720 and one or more electrodes. Upon application ofone or more voltages to one or more electrodes coupled to region 710,the separate annular EC regions 710, 720 may switch between a commontransmission level and separate ones of at least two transmissionlevels, while region 730 does not initially switch between transmissionlevels, as not potential difference is immediately induced. However,current leakage into region 730, in some embodiments, can cause region730 to change transmission level over time. Selectively changing regions710, 720 to separate transmission levels can selectively apodize ECdevice 700.

FIG. 8A-C illustrates an EC device 800, which includes multiple layers802, 850, 804, deposited on a substrate 860, according to someembodiments. EC device 800 can include an EC stack 850 and at least twoseparate conductive layers 802, 804, on opposite sides of the EC stack850, which are segmented into separate conductive layer segments toestablish separate EC regions in the device 800, where the separate ECregions include a circular EC region and two concentric annular ECregions extending outward from the circular EC region. EC device 800 canbe included in one or more EC devices illustrated in at least FIG. 4A-C.

EC device 800 includes two separate conductive layers which aresegmented to establish multiple separate EC regions of the EC device.Such establishing of separate EC regions via segmenting conductivelayers may proceed similarly to the segmenting discussed above withreference to FIG. 1A-C.

EC device 800 includes a bottom conductive layer 804 deposited on asubstrate 860, an EC stack deposited on the bottom conductive layer 804,and a top conductive layer 802 deposited on the EC stack. Eachconductive layer, which can include a transparent conductive (TC) layer,is segmented 818, 838 into separate conductive layer segments toestablish separate EC regions based at least in part upon thesegmenting.

Top conductive layer 802, shown in FIG. 8A, is segmented into a majorconductive layer segment 810 and a minor conductive layer segment 820.Each segment has an electrode 815, 825 physically coupled to a portionof the respective segment which extends through an established outerannular EC region. The major segment is structured to include an outerportion 816 which extends through an outer annular EC region of the ECdevice 800 and an inner portion 814 which extends through an entirety ofan inner annular EC region of the EC device 800. In addition, a circularportion 812 of the major segment 810 is segmented from the segment 810to establish a circular EC region encircled by the concentric annular ECregions. The outer portion 816 of the major segment 810 and the entireportion 822 of the minor segment 820 comprise the portions of the topconductive layer 802 which collectively extend through the outer annularEC region of device 800.

Bottom conductive layer 804, shown in FIG. 8B, is segmented into a majorconductive layer segment 830 and a minor conductive layer segment 840.Each segment has an electrode 835, 845 physically coupled, electricallycoupled, etc. to a portion of the respective segment which extendsthrough an established outer annular EC region. The major segment 830 isstructured to include an outer portion 836 which extends through anouter annular EC region of the EC device 800 and an inner portion 834which extends through an entirety of an inner annular EC region of theEC device 800. In addition, a circular portion 832 of the major segment830 is segmented from the segment 830 to establish a circular EC regionencircled by the concentric annular EC regions. The outer portion 836 ofthe major segment 830 and the entire portion 842 of the minor segment840 comprise the portions of the bottom conductive layer 804 whichcollectively extend through the outer annular EC region of device 800.

A cross-sectional view of device 800, shown in FIG. 8C, illustratesthat, similar to the EC device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A-C, the majorsegments 810, 830 overlap at portions 814, 834 to establish an innerannular EC region which is isolated from direct electrical connectionswith any of electrodes 815, 825, 835, 845, and where the portions 816,836 of major segments 810, 830 establish an electrical connectionbetween the inner annular EC region an electrodes 815, 835, so that theouter annular EC region through which the portions 816, 836 extend is aninterposer EC region.

In some embodiments, the segmentation of the conductive layers isimplemented in the process of depositing the various layers of the ECdevice 800 on the substrate 860. For example, segmentation 838 of bottomconductive layer 804 may be established subsequent to depositing thebottom conductive layer 804 on the substrate, and prior to depositingthe EC stack 850 on the bottom conductive layer 804. Similarly, thesegmentation 818 of top conductive layer 802 may be establishedsubsequent to depositing the top conductive layer on the EC stack 850.In some embodiments, one or more of the segmentations 818, 838 areestablished based at least in part upon depositing the respectiveconductive layers 802, 804 in masked portions, such that the segments810, 830, 820, 840 are deposited as segments that are segmented fromeach other.

In some embodiments, an EC device includes multiple layers deposited ona substrate, where at least two separate conductive layers on oppositesides of the EC stack of the EC device are segmented into separateconductive layer segments to establish separate EC regions where theseparate EC regions include an “isolated” circular region and at leastone annular EC region which can “interpose” an indirect electricalconnection between the isolated circular region and one or moreelectrodes. FIG. 8D-E illustrate separate conductive layers of oneembodiment of an EC device comprising a circular “isolated” EC regionand an annular “interposing” EC region.

Top conductive layer 802, shown in FIG. 8D, is segmented into a majorconductive layer segment 810 and a minor conductive layer segment 820.Each segment has an electrode 815, 825 physically coupled to a portionof the respective segment which extends through an established annularEC region. The major segment is structured to include an outer portion816 which extends through an annular EC region of the EC device 800 andan inner portion 814 which extends through an entirety of a circular ECregion of the EC device 800. The outer portion 816 of the major segment810 and the entire portion 822 of the minor segment 820 comprise theportions of the top conductive layer 802 which collectively extendthrough the annular EC region of device 800.

Bottom conductive layer 804, shown in FIG. 8E, is segmented into a majorconductive layer segment 830 and a minor conductive layer segment 840.Each segment has an electrode 835, 845 physically coupled to a portionof the respective segment which extends through an established annularEC region. The major segment 830 is structured to include an outerportion 836 which extends through an annular EC region of the EC device800 and an inner portion 834 which extends through a circular EC regionof the EC device 800. The outer portion 836 of the major segment 830 andthe entire portion 842 of the minor segment 840 comprise the portions ofthe bottom conductive layer 804 which collectively extend through theannular EC region of device 800.

FIGS. 9A-B illustrate separate segmentation operations which areimplemented on the separate conductive layers of EC device 800,illustrated in FIGS. 8A-C, to segment the conductive layers to establishthe separate EC regions, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 9A illustrates the segmentation operations which are implemented onthe bottom conductive layer 804 of EC device 800. One or more of theoperations can be implemented subsequently to depositing the bottomconductive layer 804 on a substrate, and prior to depositing an EC stackon the bottom conductive layer. Segmentation operation 910 can beimplemented to segment the bottom conductive layer 804 into a majorconductive layer segment 830 and a minor conductive layer segment 840,as described above. Each segmentation operation illustrated in FIG. 9can include one or more of a cutting operation, ablation operation, etc.For example, operation 910 can be a cutting operation which selectivelycuts as illustrated in FIG. 9 to conductive layer 804 into segments 830and 840.

FIG. 9B illustrates the segmentation operations which are implemented onthe top conductive layer 802 of EC device 800. One or more of theoperations can be implemented subsequently to depositing the topconductive layer 802 on an EC stack that is itself deposited on bottomconductive layer 804. Segmentation operation 930 can be implemented tosegment the top conductive layer 802 into a major conductive layersegment 810 and a minor conductive layer segment 820, as describedabove.

As shown in FIGS. 9A-B, one or more segmentation operations 940A-B canbe implemented to segment circular portions 812, 832 of the respectivemajor segments 810, 830. The segmentations operations 940A-B can, insome embodiments, comprise a single segmentation operation thatsimultaneously segments deposited top conductive layer 804 and bottomconductive layer 802, where the segmentation operation portion 940A isimplemented through a deposited EC stack. In some embodiments, one ofsegmentation operations 940A-B is not implemented, so that a circular ECregion is established based at least in part upon segmenting one of themajor segments 810, 830 to establish one of portions 812, 832. In someembodiments, neither of segmentation operations 940A-B are implemented,so that a circular EC region is established based at least in part uponthe operations 910 and 930 which establish outer boundaries of thecircular EC region and inner boundaries of an annular EC region.

In some embodiments, one or more conductive layers of an EC device aresegmented into various segments to establish at least three separateconcentric annular EC regions around a central, circular EC region.Multiple electrodes may be coupled to the various segments to structurethe EC device to selectively switch at least some of the separate ECregions between different transmission levels.

FIG. 10 illustrates a top view of an EC device 1000 to which eightseparate electrodes 1010A-H are coupled, according to some embodiments.EC device 1000 can be included in one or more EC devices illustrated inat least FIG. 4A-C. The device 1000 includes a central circular ECregion 1002, which is isolated from electrical connections with any ofthe electrodes. The circular EC region 1002 is established based atleast in part upon a segmentation operation, which can include one ormore of a cutting operation, ablation operation, and varioussegmentation processes known in the art for segmenting a conductivelayer of an electrochromic device.

The EC device 1000 includes three concentric EC regions, establishedbased at least in part upon various segmentation operations implementedon one or more conductive layers of the EC device 1000. EC region 1004is established by a single portion of each conductive layer whichextends through an entirety of the region 1004 and encircles region1002. EC region 1004 is isolated from any direct electrical connectionwith any of the electrodes 1010A-H and is indirectly electricallyconnected with electrodes 1010D and 1010E, via portions of interposingEC regions 1008 and 1006 through which segment portions 1008A, 1006A and1008B and 1006B extend. Similarly, EC region 1006, established byportions 1006A-B of separate conductive layer segments, is isolated fromany direct electrical connection with any of the electrodes 1010A-H andis indirectly electrically connected with electrodes 1010D, 1010A and1010E, 1010H via portions of interposing EC region 1008 through whichsegment portions 1008A-D extend.

As shown in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 10, the circular ECregion and three concentric annular EC regions are established based atleast in part upon at least three separate segmentation operations,labeled “P1”, “P3”, “P4”. Segmentation operations P1 and P3 areimplemented upon separate conductive layers on opposite sides of the ECstack of EC device 1000, and segmentation operation P4 can beimplemented through both of the separate conductive layers.

As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the segmentation operations,which segment the EC device into separate segments, establishes separateEC regions 1004, 1006, 1008 in which separate potential differences canbe induced, based at least in part upon particular voltages applied tothe various electrodes 1010A-H coupled to the various portions of the ECdevice 1000. As shown, the voltages applied to the various electrodescan establish different voltages on opposite sides of the EC stack ineach separate portion of each separate EC region. The voltages tovarious electrodes can be selected to cause the separate portions of agiven EC region to have a common potential difference. For example, eachof the separate portions 1008A-D of annular EC region 1008 can have acommon potential difference, based at least in part upon the voltagesapplied to each of the separate electrodes 1010A-H. Similarly, both ofthe separate portions 1006A-B of annular EC region 1006 can have acommon potential difference, which is different from the potentialdifferences through the separate portions 1008A-B of EC region 1008,based at least in part upon separate voltages applied to electrodes1010D, 1010A and 1010E, 1010H. Similarly, EC annular region 1004 canhave a certain potential difference, which is different from thepotential differences through the separate portions of regions 1006 and1008, based at least in part upon separate voltages applied toelectrodes 1010D-E. The various voltages to the different electrodes1010A-H can be varied to establish various transmission patterns in ECdevice 1000. In some embodiments, the EC regions are selectivelyswitched from a common transmission level to different transmissionlevels for each EC region, where the transmission levels of regions 1006and 1004 are greater than that of EC region 1008, and the transmissionlevel of region 1004 is greater than that of EC regions 1006 and 1008.Such selective switching can include selectively switching the EC devicefrom a clear transmission state to an apodized transmission state.

II. Controlled Electrochromic Switching with Sheet Resistance

In some embodiments, an EC device is structured to selectively switch,in separate EC regions, between different transmission levels, so thatthe EC device can selectively switch the EC regions of the EC devicefrom a common transmission level to separate ones of at least twodifferent transmission levels.

In some embodiments, the EC device is structured to selectively switchto different transmission levels in different regions, based at least inpart upon different respective sheet resistances of correspondingconductive layer regions, of one or more of the conductive layers of theEC device, which extend through the respective EC regions. The sheetresistance of various conductive layer regions, of one or moreconductive layers, in corresponding EC regions can be adjusted tostructure an EC device to selectively switch the various EC regions todifferent transmission levels.

FIG. 11A, FIG. 11B, and FIG. 11C illustrate an EC device 1100 whichincludes an EC stack and separate conductive layers 1104A-B on oppositesides of the EC stack, according to some embodiments. The EC device 1100includes three separate EC regions 1110, 1120, 1130, the internalboundaries 1142A-B of which are established by variations in sheetresistance in various conductive layer regions of the top conductivelayer 1104A. It will be understood that sheet resistance in variousconductive layer regions of both conductive layers 1104A-B can establishvarious EC regions in the EC device 1100. In some embodiments,variations in sheet resistance in various conductive layer regions ofthe bottom conductive layer 1104B establish one or more of theboundaries of the EC regions in EC device 1100. EC device 1100 can beincluded in one or more various EC devices illustrated and discussedwith reference to various other figures in the disclosure, including ECdevice 200 in FIG. 2A EC, device 400 in FIG. 4A-C, etc.

FIG. 11B shows a cross-sectional view of EC device 1100, where topconductive layer 1104A includes separate conductive layer regions1106A-C which at least partially establish the boundaries of theseparate EC regions 1110, 1120, 1130. In the illustrated embodiment, theseparate conductive layer regions 1106A, 1106C have a different sheetresistance relative to conductive layer region 1106B. As a result, ECdevice 1100 is structured to selectively switch the various EC regions1110, 1120, 1130, based at least in part upon application of voltage toone or more of the conductive layers 1104A-B, from a common transmissionlevel, which can include a full transmission level, to separate ones ofat least two different transmission levels. In other words, as shown inFIG. 11C, EC device 1100 is structured to switch the various EC stackregions 1107A-C from a common transmission level to at least twodifferent transmission levels, where EC stack regions 1107A, 1107C areswitched to a transmission level that is lower than the differenttransmission level to which EC stack region 1107B is switched. Thetransmission level to which a given EC stack region in a given EC regioncan be switched is based at least in part upon the sheet resistance ofthe conductive layer regions of the conductive layers which are on oneor more sides of the given EC stack region.

The sheet resistance of one or more conductive layer regions in one ormore conductive layer regions in one or more EC regions of an EC devicecan affect the electrical potential difference across an EC stack regionin the one or more EC regions. In some embodiments, the electricalpotential difference, also referred to as a “potential difference”,across an EC stack in a given EC region determines the maximum rate ofcurrent flow through the respective portion of the EC stack in that ECregion from the CE layer of the EC stack to the EC layer of the ECstack, causing the EC device in the given region to change transmissionlevel, which can include transforming to a colored state and, thus,causing coloring of the EC device. Current can flow at a rateproportional to the potential difference across the layers of thedevice, provided there is a ready supply of charge, in the form oflithium ions and electrons, to satisfy the requirements.

In some embodiments, adjusting the sheet resistance of one or more ofthe conductive layers, in a given EC region, can adjust the potentialdifference across the region of the EC stack that extends through thesame EC region. As a result, adjusting the sheet resistance of one ormore regions of one or more of the conductive layers can result in oneor more corresponding EC stack regions switching to differenttransmission levels, when a voltage is applied to one or more of theconductive layers. As will be discussed in further detail below, sheetresistance adjustment can be implemented through various processes.

As shown in FIG. 11C, where a voltage is applied to one or more ofelectrodes 1152-1158 coupled to the various conductive layers 1104A-B,different potential differences are induced in some of the separate ECregions, based at least in part upon different sheet resistances ofconductive layer regions in the separate EC regions. In particular, theconductive layer regions 1106A, 1106C have a greater sheet resistancethan the conductive layer region 1106B, as is also shown in FIG. 11B. Asa result, when one or more voltages are applied to one or more of theelectrodes 1152-1158, different potential differences are induced in ECregion 1120 and EC regions 1110, 1130. The potential difference inregions 1110, 1130 is greater than in EC region 1120, based at least inpart upon the greater sheet resistance of conductive layer regions1106A, 1106C relative to conductive layer region 1106B. As a result,while EC stack regions 1107A-C switch from a common transmission levelupon the application of voltage, EC stack region 1107B switches to atransmission level which is different from, and greater than, thetransmission levels to which both of the EC stack regions 1107A, 1107Cswitch. Thus, the transmission level to which a particular region of anEC stack switches, in a given EC region, can be based at least in partupon a sheet resistance of one or more of the conductive layer regions,of the one or more conductive layers, which are also in the given ECregion.

In some embodiments, an EC device is structured to selectively switcheach of separate EC regions from a common transmission level to aseparate one of at least two different transmission levels, whereinstructuring the EC device thusly includes adjusting a sheet resistanceof one or more conductive layer regions, of one or more conductivelayers of an EC device, based at least in part upon various adjustmentprocesses.

In some embodiments, adjusting the sheet resistances of variousconductive layer regions, so that the various conductive layer regionshave different sheet resistances, different sheet resistancedistribution patterns, etc., includes adjusting one or more variouscharacteristics of the conductive layer in the various conductive layerregions. Such characteristics can include one or more of a particularcrystal structure, a particular crystallinity level, a particularchemical composition, a particular chemical distribution, a particularthickness, etc. associated with a particular sheet resistance of therespective TC layer region. For example, changing a crystallinestructure, lattice structure, etc. of a conductive layer in a particularconductive layer region can result in changing the sheet resistance ofthe conductive layer in than particular region. In another example,changing the chemical composition, chemical distribution, etc. of theconductive layer in a given conductive layer region can result inchanging the sheet resistance of that given conductive layer region.Adjustments in sheet resistance in one conductive layer region can beindependent of other conductive layer regions, including adjacentconductive layer regions.

FIG. 12A-D illustrate various methods of changing sheet resistance invarious conductive layer regions of one or more conductive layers of anEC device, according to some embodiments. Such an EC device can beincluded in one or more various EC devices illustrated in one or morevarious other figures of the disclosure, including EC device 200 in FIG.2, EC device 400 in FIG. 4A-C, etc. FIG. 12A illustrates changing thesheet resistance of various conductive layer regions, of a particularconductive layer, via introducing one or more chemical species into thevarious conductive layer regions to establish one or more particularchemical species distributions, in the various conductive layer regions,which are associated with particular selected sheet resistancedistributions. Such introduction of chemical species can includeadjusting a charge carrier density, charge carrier distribution, etc. ina conductive layer region to adjust the sheet resistance distribution inthe conductive layer region. Such introducing can include introducing,in one or more conductive layer regions, one or more oxidizing specieswhich increase the oxidation level of the conductive layer region toadjust the sheet resistance of the conductive layer region. Theconductive layer regions can subsequently be heated to activate one ormore species introduced in the layer regions, according to variousprocesses for activation of introduced chemical species in a conductivematerial, including one or more various processes for activating variousspecies introduced into a material via one or more ion implantationprocesses. In some embodiments, such heating, also referred to as“firing”, of a conductive layer region includes heating at least theconductive layer region to a peak temperature. Some embodiments of“firing” at least a portion of a conductive layer can include heating aconductive layer portion to at least a particular temperature associatedwith the material of the conductive layer to approximately 370 Celsius,380 Celsius, etc. Non-limiting examples of oxidizing species which couldbe introduced can include oxygen, nitrogen, etc. In another example, oneor more of various metallic species can be introduced to change thecharge carrier density, charge carrier distribution, etc. in aconductive layer region. Non-limiting examples of such metallic speciescan include indium, tin, some combination thereof, etc. In short,introducing one or more chemical species into a conductive layer region,where the chemical species can change the charge carrier density, chargecarrier distribution, etc. in the conductive layer region, can result inan adjustment of the sheet resistance of the conductive layer region.Such introducing can include one or more of implanting one or morechemical species, which can be implemented via well-known ionimplantation processes.

FIG. 12A illustrates an EC device 1200 which includes top and bottomconductive layers 1202, 1206 and an EC stack 1204. EC device 1200 can beincluded in one or more various EC devices illustrated in various otherfigures of the disclosure. Using a chemical species introduction system1210, which can include an ion implantation system, masked ion beam,focused ion beam, etc., one or more chemical species 1208 are introducedto various conductive layer regions 1212 of one or more of theconductive layers 1202, 1206. The chemical species distribution can beadjusted and varied across the various regions 1212 to adjust the sheetresistance in various conductive layer regions differently. For example,where an ion implantation system 1210 is used to implant various ions inthe various regions 1212, one or more of the ion dosage, ion energylevel, number of ion implantation processes, etc. can be adjusted foreach region 1212 to establish different chemical species distributions,charge carrier distributions, charge carrier densities, etc. in thevarious regions 1212, thus establishing different sheet resistances inthe various regions 1212. In some embodiments, on or more of ionimplantation, a masked ion beam, focused ion beam (FIB), etc. can beused to “draw” a particular sheet resistance pattern into one or moreconductive layer regions. In some embodiments, a chemical species“distribution” may include one or more variations in chemical speciesdensity, concentration, depth of introduction through a thickness of aconductive layer, etc., across one or more regions of a conductivelayer. For example, the depth to which a chemical species is introducedin a conductive layer may vary across the conductive layer, and thesheet resistance of the conductive layer to vary accordingly to thevariation in species depth. In another example, the concentration,density, etc. of an introduced chemical species may vary across theconductive layer, and the sheet resistance of the conductive layer tovary accordingly to the variation in species concentration, density,etc.

In some embodiments, the sheet resistance of various conductive layerregions can be adjusted based at least in part upon heating the variousconductive layer regions to high temperature in air or oxygen containinggas. Such a process can include selectively exposing various conductivelayer regions to the atmosphere during the heating, heating theconductive layer in a specific pattern using a method such as a laser,or a xenon flash lamp, etc. Heating a conductive layer region to hightemperature can enable, induce, etc. one or more chemical reactionswhich oxidize that conductive layer region. In some embodiments, theheating is patterned so that certain conductive layer regions areoxidized, independently of other conductive layer regions which can beheated differently, not at all, etc. As a result, one or more variouspatterns of oxidation can be created, thus establishing one or morepatterns of sheet resistance in the conductive layer which results instructuring the EC device to selectively switch to a transmissionpattern corresponding to the sheet resistance pattern. In someembodiments, additional oxidation of a conductive layer results in ahigher sheet resistance. In some embodiments, laser annealing can beused to heat particular conductive layer regions to change the sheetresistance in one or more particular “patterns”. In some embodiments,the sheet resistance of various conductive layer regions can be adjustedbased at least in part upon heating the various conductive layer regionsto high temperature in one or more various atmospheres, including one ormore mixtures of one or more various gases at one or more atmosphericpressures, etc. In some embodiments, the sheet resistance of variousconductive layer regions can be adjusted based at least in part uponheating the various conductive layer regions to high temperature in avacuum.

FIG. 12B illustrates an EC device 1220 which includes top and bottomconductive layers 1222, 1226 and an EC stack 1224. EC device 1200 can beincluded in one or more various EC devices illustrated in various otherfigures of the disclosure. Using a heat source 1230, which can includeflash lamp, laser, etc., heat 1228 is applied to one or more variousconductive layer regions 1232 of one or more of the conductive layers1222, 1226. The application of heat 1228 can be adjusted and variedacross the various regions 1232 to adjust the sheet resistance invarious conductive layer regions differently. For example, where anannealing laser 1230 is used to induce oxidation chemical regions in thevarious regions 1232, one or more of the laser energy, application time,etc. can be adjusted for each region 1232 to adjust the amount ofoxidation in the given region 1232, thus establishing different sheetresistances in the various regions 1232. In some embodiments, anannealing laser 1230 can be used to “draw” a particular sheet resistancepattern into one or more conductive layer regions.

In some embodiments, sheet resistance of various conductive layerregions can be adjusted based at least in part upon adjustment of therelative thicknesses of the various conductive layer regions. Forexample, additional quantities of conductive layer material can bedeposited, in various conductive layer regions, to adjust the sheetresistance of the various conductive layer regions. In another example,one or more removal processes can be implemented to selectively removeat least a portion of the thickness of the conductive layer inparticular conductive layer regions to adjust the sheet resistance inthe various conductive layer regions. Removal processes can include oneor more of a laser ablation process, laser cutting process, etchingprocess, etc. Adding or removing thickness to a given conductive layerregion can include adding or removing conductive layer material in aconductive layer region according to a particular pattern, so that thesheet resistance distribution in the conductive layer region ispatterned. Such a patterning can structure the EC device to selectivelyswitch to a corresponding transmission pattern.

In some embodiments, adding or removing thickness to a given conductivelayer region can include adding an additional buffer material toestablish a uniform total thickness of a conductive layer which includesthe conductive layer material and the buffer material.

FIG. 12C illustrates an EC device 1240 which includes top and bottomconductive layers 1242, 1246 and an EC stack 1244. EC device 1240 can beincluded in one or more various EC devices illustrated in various otherfigures of the disclosure. As shown, various regions of the topconductive layer include different thicknesses of conductive layermaterial 1248 and buffer material 1250. The buffer material can includeone or more various nonconducting material. The different thicknesses ofthe conductive layer material 1248 in different regions of theconductive layer can cause the different regions to have different sheetresistances.

In some embodiments, one or more maskings can be used to establish oneor more various sheet resistance patterns in one or more conductivelayers of an EC device. FIG. 12D illustrates an EC device 1260 whichincludes top conductive layer 1262, EC stack 1264, bottom conductivelayer 1266, where the top conductive layer includes separate conductivelayer regions 1268, 1269 which each include a separate pattern of dotareas 1270 with adjusted sheet resistance. Such patterns can beestablished through selectively exposing portions of the conductivelayer, including selectively exposing one or more portions of one ormore conductive layer regions, to one or more of the above sheetresistance adjustment processes, including one or more of chemicalspecies introduction, laser annealing, laser ablating, etc. In someembodiments, a masking can be graded, continuously, in step-changes,etc. so that the exposure of various portions of the conductive layermay selectively vary based on one or more masking gradients in themasking, where the exposure of the conductive layer varies based atleast in part upon the masking gradients, so that variable levels ofspecies can pass through the masking and lead to one or more variouschemical species distributions throughout the conductive layer, based atleast in part upon one or more gradients in the masking. For example,the thickness, permeability, etc. of a masking may vary continuouslyaccording to a particular chemical species distribution, etc., so thatthe amount, density, etc. of chemical species introduced through themasking continuously varies over an area, volume, etc., based at leastin part upon the variations in the masking thickness, permeability, etc.

In some embodiments, one or more various other processes can be used toadjust sheet resistance of one or more conductive layer regions. Forexample, the conductivity on one or more conductive layer regions can bedisrupted via implanting various heavy species that damage the latticestructure, as it is known in the art that a defected lattice structurewill reduce the conductivity of a conductive layer.

In some embodiments, sheet resistance adjustment can be implemented inone or more of the conductive layers. Such adjustment can be implementedat various stages of a process of providing the layers of the EC device.For example, where an EC device includes a bottom conductive layer, ECstack, and top conductive layer which are sequentially deposited on asubstrate, one or more sheet resistance adjustment processes can beimplemented on various conductive layer regions of the bottom conductivelayer, subsequent to depositing the bottom conductive layer on thesubstrate and prior to depositing the EC stack on the bottom conductivelayer. In another example, one or more sheet resistance adjustmentprocesses can be implemented on various conductive layer regions of thetop conductive layer, subsequent to depositing the top conductive layeron the EC stack. In some embodiments, a combination of the above twoprocesses can be implemented.

FIG. 13 illustrates adjusting the sheet resistance in various regions ofa conductive layer to structure an EC device to selectively switch to aparticular transmission pattern, according to some embodiments. Thesheet resistance can be adjusted in various conductive layer regions tostructure an EC device included in one or more of the various EC devicesillustrated in various figures in the disclosure, including EC device200 in FIG. 2, EC device 400 in FIG. 4A-C, etc.

At 1302, a conductive layer region of a conductive layer is selected. At1304, a particular transmission level to which an EC stack regioncorresponding to the conductive layer region is desired to be structuredto switch is determined. The corresponding EC stack region may be aregion of the EC stack which extends through a common EC region as theselected conductive layer region. It may be desired to structure theentire EC device to selectively switch to an overall particulartransmission pattern, including an approximation of a Gaussiantransmission pattern. As a result, various EC regions may be desired tobe structure to switch to various particular transmission patterns thatcomprise various portions of the overall particular transmissionpattern. At 1306, a particular sheet resistance pattern, distribution,etc. of the selective conductive layer region which is associated withthe determined transmission level of the corresponding EC stack regionis determined. In some embodiments the determined sheet resistancedistribution for the selected conductive layer region is different froma present sheet resistance pattern of the conductive layer region, suchthat adjustment of the sheet resistance distribution in the selectedconductive layer region is required. At 1308, one or more variousadjustment processes to implement to adjust the sheet resistancedistribution in the selected conductive layer region are determined.Such processes can include introduction of one or more various chemicalspecies, ion implantation, laser annealing, depositing or removalvarious patterns of thickness of the conductive layer material, etc. At1310, one or more various parameters of the determined adjustmentprocesses are determined, so that the adjustment process can beimplemented to establish the particular determined sheet resistancedistribution for the selected conductive layer region. In one example,for introducing a chemical species into the selective conductive layerregion, such parameters can include a determined chemical speciesdistribution associated with the determined sheet resistancedistribution. In another example, for an ion implantation process, suchparameters can include charge carrier density, charged carrierdistribution, ion dosage, ion energy level, depth of implantation ofions in the conductive layer material, etc. At 1312, the one or moreadjustment processes are implemented in the selected conductive layerregion according to the determined parameters. In some embodiments,implementing an adjustment process for a selected conductive layerregion is independent of a remainder of the conductive layer regions inthe conductive layer. At 1314, a determination is made regarding whetheradditional conductive layer regions are to be selected for sheetresistance adjustment. If so, at 1316, a next conductive layer region isselected.

In some embodiments, inducing potential differences in various ECregions of an EC device results in the transmission levels of various ECregions changing at different rates, based at least in part upon thedifferent sheet resistances of conductive layer regions in the variousEC regions. The transmission level of various EC stack regions maychange over time and may not remain fixed at a particular transmissionlevel. In some embodiments, the sheet resistance of a conductive layerregion is sufficiently high to preclude transmission level switching ofa corresponding EC stack region.

In some embodiments, an EC device includes a short of the EC stack. Suchan EC device can be structured to switch various EC regions of the ECdevice to separate and different transmission levels, where the variousEC regions can remain fixed at the different transmission levels.

FIG. 14A, FIG. 14B illustrate perspective and cross-sectional views,respectively, of an EC device 1400 which includes a short 1410 of the ECstack 1402, according to some embodiments. EC device 1400 which can beincluded in one or more EC devices illustrated in various figures in thedisclosure. Applying a voltage to one or more of the conductive layers1404A-B in the EC device 1400, via one or more coupled electrodes1452-1458, can cause the EC stack 1402 to switch from a commontransmission level to multiple different transmission levels, indifferent regions, extending away from the short 1410. As shown in FIG.14B, the different EC regions can be sufficiently small, andsufficiently numerous, that the EC stack 1402 is understood to switchfrom one transmission state, where the various EC regions are at acommon transmission level, to a particular transmission pattern, wherethe transmission level in the EC stack 1402 is a continuous distributionpattern where a given portion of the EC stack varies based on distancefrom the short 1410 according to a particular relationship betweenpotential difference and distance from the short. In some embodiments,the EC stack 1402 can remain switched at a particular equilibriumtransmission pattern indefinitely, provided that voltage continues to beapplied and current leakage is negligible.

FIG. 15 illustrates a graphical representation of a relationship betweenpotential difference and transmission level of the EC stack 1402 of theEC device illustrated in FIG. 14, upon application of a particularvoltage to one or more of the conductive layers 1404A-B of the EC device1400, according to some embodiments. As shown, the potential difference1570 increases as a function of distance from the short 1410 at thecenter of EC stack 1402, such that the transmission pattern 1572 of theEC stack 1402, extending away from the short 1410, approximates alogarithmic distribution.

In some embodiments, it is desirable to adjust the sheet resistance ofvarious regions of one or more of the conductive layer regions of one ormore conductive layers, to adjust the transmission pattern to which ashorted EC stack can switch. In some embodiments, the sheet resistancein at least one of the conductive layers can be adjusted, in one or moreconductive layer regions, to follow a distribution which structures thepotential difference across the EC stack to follow a particulardistribution pattern extending away from the short of the EC device, sothat the transmission pattern to which the EC device switches upon theinduction of the potential differences follows a particular distributionpattern. In some embodiments, the sheet resistance of one or more of theconductive layers is adjusted, according to a particular distribution ofsheet resistance in the conductive layer, to structure the EC device toselectively switch the EC stack to a transmission pattern whichapproximates a Gaussian pattern.

FIG. 16A illustrates an EC device which includes a short of the EC stackand a conductive layer in which the sheet resistance of variousconductive layer regions is altered to structure the EC device toselectively switch the EC stack from one transmission state to aparticular transmission pattern, according to some embodiments. Theparticular transmission pattern can approximate a Gaussian. EC device1600, which can be included in one or more EC devices illustrated in atleast FIG. 4A-C, includes bottom conductive layer 1620, EC stack 1630,top conductive layer 1640, and a short 1610 of the EC stack 1630. Inaddition, the top conductive layer 1640 includes various conductivelayer regions 1642A-F, and the sheet resistances of the variousconductive layer regions 1642A-F are adjusted to various sheetresistances, so that the EC device 1600 is structured to selectivelyswitch from one transmission state, including a clear transmissionstate, to a particular transmission pattern associated with adistribution pattern of sheet resistance across the various regions1642A-F of the top conductive layer 1640. The EC stack includes EC stackregions 1632A-F which selectively switch to different transmissionlevels, transmission patterns, etc., based at least in part upon thevarious sheet resistances, distribution of sheet resistance, etc. of thevarious corresponding conductive layer regions 1642A-F. In someembodiments, the sheet resistance distributions in the various regions1642A-F are such that the EC device 1600 is structured to selectivelyswitch the EC stack 1630 to a transmission pattern which approximates aGaussian. In some embodiments, a sheet resistance distribution in one ormore conductive layer regions includes a variation of sheet resistancethrough a depth of a conductive layer in one or more conductive layerregions.

FIG. 16B illustrates a graphical representation of various transmissionpatterns of an EC device, a transmission pattern of an EC deviceincluding a short and a transmission pattern of an EC device whichincludes one or more sheet resistance distributions through one or moreconductive layer regions, according to some embodiments. The graphicalrepresentation shows a transmission pattern 1660 of an EC device whichincludes a short, where the transmission pattern 1660 in therepresentation shows the transmission level of the EC stack, as apercentage of a full transmission level, at various distances from theshort. Where the short is located in a center of the EC device, pattern1660 illustrates variation of transmission level at various distancesfrom the center of the device. Transmission pattern 1660, in someembodiments, is a transmission pattern to which an EC device can switch,where the EC device includes one or more conductive layers having commonsheet resistances. Pattern 1650 is a representation of sheet resistanceof one or more conductive layer regions, relative to one or more of ashort of the EC device, a center of the EC device, etc. Pattern 1670 isa representation of transmission level of an EC device which includesthe sheet resistance distribution illustrated by pattern 1650. As shown,the sheet resistance 1650 of the EC device is “stepped” between separateuniform levels as the distance from one or more of the short, center ofthe EC device, etc., increases. Similarly, as shown by pattern 1670, thetransmission pattern to which an EC device can switch, where the ECdevice include the illustrated sheet resistance distribution 1650 in oneor more conductive layers, can be different from a transmission pattern1660 to which an EC device can switch, where the EC device includesuniform sheet resistance of conductive layer regions and a short canswitch. While an EC device with uniform sheet resistances of conductivelayers and a short may switch to a transmission pattern 1660 whichapproximates a logarithmic distribution, an EC device with a sheetresistance distribution 1650 in one or more conductive layers, includingan EC device with distribution 1650 in one or more conductive layers anda short, may switch to a transmission pattern 1670 which is differentfrom pattern 1660. In some embodiments, pattern 16670 approximates aGaussian pattern.

In some embodiments, an EC device includes one or more particular ECregions, surrounded at one or more outer boundaries by one or more outerEC regions, which includes a conductive layer region having a sheetresistance that is greater than a sheet resistance of the conductivelayer region in the one or more outer EC regions. The particular regioncan, in some embodiments, surround one or more inner EC regions, wherethe one or more inner EC regions include one or more conductive layerregions having a lower sheet resistance relative to the conductive layerregions in the particular EC region. In some embodiments, the sheetresistance of the conductive layer region in the particular EC regioncan be a particular conductive layer region for which the sheetresistance distribution is adjusted to be greater than one or more otherconductive layer regions in the EC device.

In some embodiments, an EC device can include multiple concentricannular EC regions, where the particular EC region is an annular ECregion which is encircled by at least one outer region. The particularannular EC region can encircle one or more inner regions. In someembodiments, the particular annular EC region, outer annular EC regions,and inner annular EC regions extend outward from a short of the ECstack. FIG. 17 illustrates an EC device 1700 which includes multipleconcentric annular EC regions 1702, 1704, 1706, 1708 extending outwardfrom a central short 1709 of the EC stack included in the EC device1700, according to some embodiments. The annular EC regions 1702-1708may be established based at least in part upon separate concentricannular conductive layer regions, in one or more of the conductivelayers in the EC device, which each include separate sheet resistancedistributions. The EC device 1700 can be included in one or more of theEC devices illustrated in various other figures of the disclosure.Various electrodes 1710A-D are coupled to one or more of the conductivelayer regions included in the outer annular EC region 1708.

In some embodiments, an EC device 1700 structured to include aparticular EC region which has a conductive layer region with a sheetresistance that is greater than a sheet resistance of a conductive layerregion in an outer EC region is structured to provide increaseduniformity in current distribution through at least the particular ECregion. Where additional inner EC regions are surrounded by theparticular EC region, and the inner EC regions include conductive layerregions with sheet resistances that are lower than that of theparticular EC region, the particular EC region can enable increaseduniformity in current distribution to and through the one or more innerEC regions. As a result, electrodes coupled to the EC device can be madesmaller and spaced further apart, as a need to particularly size andspace the electrodes to establish uniform current distribution is atleast partially mitigated by the particular EC region increasing theuniformity of current distribution through one or more EC regions fromthe outer EC region.

In some embodiments, EC region 1706 is a particular annular EC regionwhich includes a conductive layer region having a sheet resistance thatis greater than that of conductive layer regions in EC region 1712. Inaddition, inner annular EC regions 1702-1706 can include conductivelayer regions with lower sheet resistances than that of EC region 1706.As a result, and at least partially because electrodes 1710A-C arecoupled to conductive layer portions in EC region 1708, current can bedistributed through region 1708 before being distributed through ECregion 1706, based at least in part upon the increased sheet resistanceof the conductive layer in region 1706 relative to region 1708. As aresult, current distribution from region 1708 to region 1706, and fromregion 1706 to one or more of the inner regions 1702-1706, is increasedin uniformity, relative to if region 1706 included a conductive layerregion having a sheet resistance that is less than that of region 1708.

In one example, EC region 1706 includes a conductive layer region with asheet resistance of approximately 500 ohms/square mm, and region 1708includes a conductive layer region with a sheet resistance ofapproximately 50 ohms/square mm. The lower sheet resistance around theouter boundary of region 1706 enables the low sheet resistance region1708 to distribute the current from electrodes 1710 more uniformlybecause the high resistance region 1706 provides the current limit forthe EC device 1700. As a result, electrodes, 1710, which can include oneor more bus bars, can be located further away from region 1706 withoutimpacting switching speed or uniformity. In addition, the potentialdifference in the EC device 1700 will be across the high sheetresistance annular region 1706, so the width of the voltage profile tothe short can be adjusted by varying the dimensions of the annularregion 1706.

III. Controlling Electrochromic Switching with Implanted SpeciesTransport Rate

In some embodiments, an EC device is structured to selectively switch,in separate EC regions, between different transmission levels, so thatthe EC device can selectively switch the EC regions of the EC devicefrom a common transmission level to separate ones of at least twodifferent transmission levels.

An EC device, as describe hereinafter and above, can include an EC stackwhich can change transmission based at least in part upon an inducedpotential difference across the EC stack which moves charge from onelayer, including an anode, to another layer, including a cathode.Materials included in the EC stack can be selected so that when theanode is oxidized, if becomes more absorbing, and when the cathode isreduced it becomes more absorbing. The charge can be in the form of oneor more various species, including protons, lithium ions, heavier ionsthan lithium, etc. In some embodiments, a charged electrolyte specieshas a particular transport rate, associated with the mobility of thespecies between the various layers, so that a charged electrolytespecies with a lower transport rate will move more slowly betweenlayers, resulting in a slower rate of change of transmission level ofthe EC stack when a potential difference is induced.

In some embodiments, various charged electrolyte species can beintroduced into one or more of the layers of an EC stack, where thevarious charged electrolyte species have various different transportrates, to structure the EC stack to change transmission at differentrates, change to different transmission levels, etc. in different ECregions of the EC stack.

In some embodiments, introducing various species having varioustransport rates can include replacing some of the some of the mobilecharge, represented by charged electrolyte species with a relativelyhigh transport rate, with other charge that is either less mobile or notmobile, represented by other charged electrolyte species with relativelylow transport rates. Such introduction could be implemented using avariety of methods, including chemical bath diffusion, sputtering ofdifferent species through masks, ion implantation through masks, focusedion beam (FIB), etc.

An EC stack, as referred to hereinafter and above, can include acounter-electrode (CE) layer, an electrochromic (EC) layer, and an ionconducting (IC) layer between the two. In some embodiments, one of theCE layer or the EC layer is structured to reversibly insert ions such ascations, including one or more of H+, Li+, D+, Na+, K+ or anions,including one or more of OH−, especially made of an anodic (orrespectively cathodic) electrochromic material; and the other of the CElayer or the EC layer is structure to reversibly inserting said ions,especially made of a cathodic (or respectively anodic) electrochromicmaterial. The IC layer, in some embodiments, is structured to include anelectrolyte layer. The EC stack may be characterized in that at leastone of the CE layer or the EC layer may be structure to reversiblyinsert said ions, including layer made of an anodic or cathodicelectrochromic material, has a sufficient thickness to allow all theions to be inserted without electrochemically disfunctioning said activelayers, in that the IC layer having an electrolyte function comprises atleast one layer based on a material chosen from tantalum oxide, tungstenoxide, molybdenum oxide, antimony oxide, niobium oxide, chromium oxide,cobalt oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxideoptionally alloyed with aluminum, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide,silicon oxide optionally alloyed with aluminum, silicon nitrideoptionally alloyed with aluminum or with boron, boron nitride, aluminumnitride, vanadium oxide optionally alloyed with aluminum, and tin zincoxide, at least one of these oxides being optionally hydrogenated, ornitrided, in that one or more of the CE layer or the EC layer comprisesat least one of the following compounds: oxides of tungsten W, niobiumNb, tin Sn, bismuth Bi, vanadium V, nickel Ni, iridium Ir, antimony Sband tantalum Ta, alone or as a mixture, and optionally including anadditional metal such as titanium, rhenium or cobalt, and in that thethickness of one or more of the EC layer or the CE layer is between 70and 250 urn, between 150 and 220 um, etc.

The EC layer can include various materials, including tungsten oxides.The CE layer can include various materials, including one or moretungsten-nickel oxides. The IC layer can include various materialsincluding one or more silicon oxides. The charge can include variouscharged electrolyte species, including lithium ions. An IC layer caninclude a layer region, a multilayer region, an interfacial region, somecombination thereof, or the like. An IC layer which includes aninterfacial region can include one or more component materials of one ormore of the EC or CE layer.

In some embodiments, each of the layers of the EC stack can reversiblyinsert cations and electrons, the modification of their degree ofoxidation as a result of these insertions/extractions leading to amodification in its optical and/or thermal properties. In particular, itis possible to modulate their absorption and/or their reflection atwavelengths in the visible and/or the infrared. An EC stack can beincluded in an EC device in which the electrolyte is in the form of apolymer or a gel. For example, a protonically conductive polymer, or aconductive polymer conducting by lithium ions, where the other layers ofthe system generally being of inorganic nature. In another example, anEC stack can be included in an EC device where the electrolyte and theother layers of the stack are of inorganic nature, which may be referredto by the term “all solid-state” system. In another example, an EC stackcan be included in an EC device where all of the layers are based onpolymers, which may be denoted by the term “all polymer” system.

Where an EC stack is in a “rest” state, where the EC device includingthe EC stack is referred to as being in a full transmission state, thecharge resides in the CE layer, reducing it and making it highlytransparent. When the device is switched, by inducing a potentialdifference across the conductive layers on opposite sides of the ECstack in the EC device, charge, including Lithium ions, move from the CElayer to the EC layer, which causes the transmission level of the ECstack to change. In some embodiments, some of the lithium ions arereplaced with another charged electrolyte species that still reduces theCE layer but has a relatively lower transport rate, relative to thelithium ions (either by being larger or by being more strongly boundwithin the molecular lattice structure of the CE layer). As a result,the rate and amount of transmission level switching by one or moreregions of the CE layer can be adjusted. Adjusting a rate and amount oftransmission level switching by a CE layer region includes adjusting arate and amount of transmission level switching by a corresponding EClayer.

Charge electrolyte species having various transport rates can includerare earth and alkali metals. These are species heavier or more tightlybound than Lithium and would include, for example, sodium, potassium,rubidium, cesium, francium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium,barium, and radium.

For example, in some embodiments, a CE layer of an EC stack can bedeposited on a conductive layer, which can include a transparentconductive layer including ITO, and various different chargedelectrolyte species can be introduced, implanted, etc. into separate CElayer regions. For example, magnesium ions can be implanted in one ormore CE layer regions, and sodium ions can be implanted into one or moreother CE layer regions. It should be understood that the pattern, depth,and dosage of ion implantation, as discussed throughout the disclosure,can be controlled. For example, aluminum foil masking can be utilized toselectively expose a pattern of CE layer regions to implantation of oneor more particular charged electrolyte species.

In some embodiments, one or more charged electrolyte species can beintroduced into a CE layer region via one or more certain implantationprocesses, including an ion implantation process, and one or more othercharged electrolyte species can be introduced into one or more CE layerregions via one or more other implantation processes, including chemicaldiffusion, chemical bath diffusion, etc. For example, subsequent toimplanting magnesium ions in one or more CE layer regions via an ionimplantation process, lithium ions can be introduced into one or more CElayer regions via an electrochemical lithiating process. The CE layerregions can subsequently be heated to activate one or more speciesintroduced in the layer regions, according to various processes foractivation of introduced chemical species, including one or more variousprocesses for activating various species introduced into a material viaone or more ion implantation processes. In some embodiments, suchheating, also referred to as “firing”, of a CE layer region includesheating at least the CE layer region to a peak temperature. Someembodiments of “firing” at least a portion of a CE layer can includeheating a CE layer portion to at least a particular temperatureassociated with the material of the CE layer to approximately 370Celsius, 380 Celsius, etc. As magnesium and lithium ions have differenttransport rates, such that the transport rate of magnesium is less thanthat of lithium, inducing a potential difference across an EC stackwhich includes the CE layer regions can result in CE layer regions whichinclude the magnesium ions switching transmission level at a lower ratethan the CE layer regions which include the lithium ions.

In some embodiments, the distribution of one or more charged electrolytespecies in one or more CE layer regions is controlled to establish aparticular distribution pattern of the charged electrolyte species inthe CE layer, so that the CE layer, upon induction of a potentialdifference across the EC stack, changes transmission in differentregions at different rates so that the EC device is structured toselectively switch from a “rest” or “clear” transmission state to aparticular transmission pattern, based on the different transmissionchange rates in the different CE layer regions.

In some embodiments, charged electrolyte species which have asufficiently low transport rate to be non-mobile are implanted in one ormore CE layer regions to structure the CE layer regions to not switchtransmission level upon a voltage level being induced across the ECstack. In some embodiments, an EC device including the CE layer isstructured to selectively switch from a “rest” or “clear” transmissionstate to a particular transmission pattern, based at least in part uponinducing a potential difference across the EC stack in which the CElayer is included, where the various CE layer regions include variousdistributions of various charged electrolyte species of variousmobility, transport rate, etc.

In some embodiments, the distribution pattern can be varied, acrossvarious CE layer regions, to structure the EC device to switch to aparticular transmission pattern which includes a particular transmissiondistribution pattern. Such a pattern can approximate a Gaussian. As aresult, an EC device can be structured to selectively switch to anapproximate Gaussian transmission pattern. Where the EC device isincluded in a camera device, the EC device can be structured toselectively apodize an aperture to approximate a Gaussian transmissionpattern. In some embodiments, the various distribution patterns caninclude multiple concentric annular CE layer regions, established bydifferent transport rates of charged electrolyte species in eachseparate CE layer region. As a result, an aperture with multiple steppedregions can be established without segmenting conductive layer regions.In another example, the distribution patterns can approximate an image,watermark, etc.

In some embodiments, implanting charged electrolyte species with varioustransport rates in one or more layers of the EC stack structures the ECdevice to switch between one transmission state and a particulartransmission pattern associated with the distribution of chargedelectrolyte species in the one or more layers. As changes move betweenEC stack layers, including CE layers, IC layers, and EC layers, bymoving from one charge site to another, implanting charge sites in aregion of an EC stack layer with charged electrolyte species having areduced transport rate, relative to other charged electrolyte speciesintroduced in one or more layers of the EC stack, can enable theimplanted charged electrolyte species to at least partially blocktransport of other charged electrolyte species through at least thatregion. As a result, the rate of transmission level switching, orwhether transmission switching can occur at all, in a particular ECregion can be adjusted through implanting charged electrolyte specieshaving different transport rates in various regions of one or more ECstack layers.

For example, a charged electrolyte species with a relatively lowtransport rate, implanted in a particular region of the IC layer or EClayer in an EC stack, can at least partially inhibit movement of moremobile charges through the EC stack, thereby altering the rate oftransmission level change in at least one EC region of the EC stack,altering a transmission pattern to which the EC stack can be switched,etc. Where a charged electrolyte species is introduced into the EClayer, the introduced distribution of the charged electrolyte speciesmay switch one or more regions of the CE layer to a particulartransmission pattern associated with the distribution of the introducedspecies in the one or more regions, and switching of the one or moreregions to a full transmission level may be at least partiallyprecluded.

FIG. 18A-B illustrate an EC device 1800 including one or more EC stacklayers with various distributions of various charged electrolyte specieswith different transport rates. EC device 1800 can be included in one ormore various EC devices illustrated in various other figures of thedisclosure. EC device 1800 includes multiple layers which can bedeposited on a substrate. EC device 1800 includes an encapsulation layer1802, a top conductive layer 1804, an EC stack 1805, and a bottomconductive layer 1812. The EC stack includes a CE layer 1806, an IClayer 1808, and an EC layer 1810. The CE layer includes multiple CElayer regions 1807A-C, each of which includes a distribution of one ormore charged electrolyte species. CE layer regions 1807A-B each includea distribution of one charged electrolyte species, and region 1807Cincludes a separate distribution 1809 of another separate chargedelectrolyte species. In some embodiments, the species in regions 1807A-Bincludes a lower transport rate than the species in region 1807C. Asshown, the distribution 1809A of the charged electrolyte species inregion 1807C varies in depth through the CE layer. The distribution of acharged electrolyte species through in a CE layer region can vary indepth, concentration, etc. The distribution can be associated with aparticular selected transmission pattern, where the distribution of thecharged electrolyte species in the CE layer region structures the ECdevice 1800 to selectively switch to the particular selectedtransmission pattern. FIG. 18B illustrates EC device 1800 where apotential difference is induced across EC stack 1805. As shown, wherethe species introduced in regions 1807A-B have a greater transport ratethan the species distributed 1809A in region 1807C, inducing a potentialdifference across EC stack 1805 can result in more charge moving betweenthe CE layer and the EC layer from regions 1807A-B, relative to region1807C, and according to at least the distribution 1809A of the speciesin region 1807C. As a result, a transmission pattern 1820 is establishedin the CE layer and EC layer of the EC stack, where the transmissionpattern 1820 is associated with the various distributions of the twospecies of different transport rates in the various CE layer regions1807A-C. As shown, because the species in distribution 1809A has reducedtransport rate, relative to the species in at least regions 1807A-B, thetransmission level in a region of the EC stack corresponding to region1807C is greater than in regions corresponding to regions 1807A-B, andvaries based at least in part upon the distribution of the reducedtransport rate species in region 1807C.

In some embodiments, multiple separate species are introduced in acommon CE layer region, so that the CE layer region includes at leasttwo separate distributions of at least two separate charged electrolytespecies. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, region 1807C mayinclude a distribution 1809A of a charged electrolyte species having onetransport rate, and another distribution 1809B of another chargedelectrolyte species having a greater transport rate. Where one chargedelectrolyte species is introduced in a particular distribution through aportion of a CE layer region, another charged electrolyte species can beintroduced in a remainder of charge sites in the CE layer region. Forexample, distribution 1809A may be established via an ion implantationprocess which implants a species various charge sites in region 1807C,and distribution 1809B may be established via a chemical diffusion bath,subsequent to the ion implantation process, to introduce another speciesto the remaining charge sites in region 1807C.

IV. Moisture-Resistant Electrochromic Device

In some embodiments, an EC device, including the one or more of thevarious EC devices illustrated and discussed above, is structured torestrict moisture permeation between the EC stack of the EC device andan external environment.

In some embodiments, a moisture-resistant EC device includes a singlesubstrate, upon which the plurality, or stack, of layers of the ECdevice are provided. A single substrate may be used to limit thethickness of the overall EC device. The plurality of layers may bestructured to restrict moisture permeation between the EC stack and anexternal environment. Such structuring of an EC device may be referredto as “passivating” the device, and an EC device structure to restrictmoisture permeation between the EC stack and the external environmentmay be referred to as a “passivated” EC device.

Such structuring or “passivating” can include providing, in theplurality of layers of the EC device, at least one encapsulation layer.An encapsulation layer is resistant to moisture permeation, and the atleast one encapsulation can extend over various layers in the EC deviceto cover various portions of various layers, including edge portions,from being exposed to the external environment. In some embodiments, anencapsulation layer includes one or more of an anti-reflective (AR)layer, infrared cut-off filter (IR cut) layer, so that the encapsulationlayer is structured to simultaneously block moisture and perform one ormore various functions of the EC device, including mitigating reflectionwhere the layer includes an AR layer. In some embodiments, an EC deviceincludes a protonic device which includes water used to enable ions tomove between layers. An encapsulation layer can at least partiallyrestrict the water in the protonic device from leaving the device andentering an external environment.

In some embodiments, a passivated EC device can be included in a cameradevice, including an EC device included in camera device 300 illustratedin FIG. 3. A passivated EC device may be used as an aperture filter,iris, etc. for the camera device, and may be structured to selectivelyapodize, as discussed further above. In some embodiments, a passivatedEC device is included in architectural ‘motherboards’ which can beshipped across extended distance before further processing. Thepassivation of the motherboards can protect against moisture damage. Asa result, a passivated EC device could enable the shipment of completedmother boards to remote IGU assembly operations without risking moisturedamage to the exposed device. In some embodiments, a passivated ECdevice can be included in one or more single pane windows fortransportation applications and other uses where weight is important. Insome embodiments, a passivated EC device which includes a singlesubstrate can also be used to hide or reveal information on displays forhand held devices, computers, etc. In some embodiments, a passivated ECdevice is used in dynamic eyewear.

In some embodiments, an EC device includes at least one encapsulationlayer and one or more conductive layers which collectively restrictmoisture permeation between the EC stack and the external environment.Providing an encapsulation layer alone on a plurality of layers of an ECdevice may be insufficient to preclude moisture permeation between theEC stack and the external environment, as exposed edge portions of theEC stack layers can transport moisture. Structuring the EC device sothat the only exposed edge portions of layers in the plurality of layersinclude the at least one encapsulation layer and one or more conductivelayers, where the exposed edge portions of the conductive layers resistmoisture permeation, can result in a passivated EC device. In someembodiments, a conductive layer includes one or more transparentconductive layers, also referred to as transparent conducting oxides(TCOs) which resist moisture permeation. As a result, the conductivelayers can extend to the edges and be exposed to the externalenvironment at one or more edge portions, while the EC stack remainscovered from the external environment.

In some embodiments, a conductive layer includes multiple elements,including a moisture-resistant outer portion and a moisture-transportinginner portion which is covered from exposure to the external environmentby the outer portion. For example, the conductive layer may include aninner transparent conducting oxide portion which transports moisture,and one or more outer non-transparent conducting portion which resistsmoisture permeation. The outer portion may be exposed to the externalenvironment, enabling the transparent conducting oxides to be protectedfrom moisture permeation.

In some embodiments, a passivated EC device includes one or more sets ofbus bars which are structured to cause the EC device to switch betweenseparate transmission states with uniform and symmetrical radial opticaldensity distribution. Each set of bus bars can include a bus bar coupledto one of the conductive layers of the EC device, on a first side of thedevice, and another bus bar coupled to another one of the conductivelayers on an opposite side of the device. The separate bus bars in theset may be structures to extend uniformly in spacing from each other.Where the EC device is circular, the bus bars in a set may be curved toextend at a fixed distance from each other.

In some embodiments, an EC device includes two separate encapsulationlayers, including a top encapsulation layer which is located between theEC stack and an external environment and a bottom encapsulation layerwhich is located between the EC stack and the substrate. A bottomencapsulation layer may be present where the single substrate transportsmoisture. Where the single substrate is structured to resist moisturepermeation, the bottom encapsulation layer may be absent from the ECdevice. The substrate can comprise one or more of sapphire, chemicallystrengthened glass, chemically tempered glass, including GORILLA GLASS™,chemically tempered borosilicate glass, etc.

In some embodiments, an EC device includes an obscuration layer which islocated between the EC stack and the single substrate. Where the ECdevice includes a bottom encapsulation layer, the obscuration layer maybe located between the bottom encapsulation layer and the singlesubstrate. In some embodiments, the obscuration layer is the first layerdeposited on the substrate and obscures all other film layers from theviewer observing the EC device from an opposite side of the singlesubstrate from the side on which the layers of the EC device aredeposited. The obscuration layer can be comprised of a black materialwhich has an optical density of ≧3. The black material can includedielectric stack which looks dark black from the viewing side of thesubstrate, but is structured to reflect key laser processing wavelengths(e.g. green, and near-IR) used to selectively ablate layers on thedevice side of the substrate. The obscuration layer may obscure the busbars, edges of various layers, etc. so that a viewer is precluded fromseeing conductive bus bars or any evidence of laser processing whenlooking through the substrate.

In some embodiments, an EC device includes a buffer layer which islocated between the EC stack and the obscuration layer. The buffer layercan at least partially isolate the obscuration layer from damage duringremoval of one or more portions of the plurality of layers, includingdamage due to laser ablation of the various other layers during ECdevice fabrication. The buffer layer could include a thick layer of amaterial that does not affect the optical properties of the EC device.For example, the buffer layer can include might be Al₂O₃ or SiO_(x) orsimilar materials. In some embodiments, a bottom encapsulation layer canserve as a buffer layer if it is thick enough to prevent laser damage tothe obscuration layer. The buffer layer can preclude dielectricinterference between the EC stack and the obscuration layer so that theoptical properties of the obscuration layer permit reflection of thelaser energy rather than absorption and degradation of the blackmaterial of the obscuration layer. The thickness of the buffer layer canenable and enhance the selective ablation processes for the EC devicelayers.

FIGS. 19A-G illustrate a process of fabricating a passivated EC device,according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the process includespreheating a chamber in which at least a portion of the passivated ECdevice is fabricated, which results in removing adsorbed water. As shownin FIG. 19A, starting from a single substrate 1902, an obscuration layer1904 is deposited on the substrate. In some embodiments, the process offabricating the passivated EC device includes pre-heating the substrate,which results in removing at least some adsorbed water. In someembodiments, the substrate is heated during deposition of one or morelayers. Such heating can include heating the substrate from 80 degreesCelsius to 150 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, such heatingincludes heating the substrate from 90 degrees Celsius to 120 degreesCelsius.

The obscuration layer 1904, in some embodiments, is annular in shape, sothat the deposited obscuration layer 1904 encircles an exposed portionof the substrate 1902. A bottom encapsulation layer 1906 can bedeposited on the exposed portion of the substrate and the obscurationlayer. In some embodiments, the obscuration layer can transportmoisture, but moisture permeation between the obscuration layer and theEC stack is restricted by one or more moisture-resistant layers, whichcan include a conductive layer, an encapsulation layer, etc. As furthershown in FIG. 19A, a bottom conductive layer 1908 and a bottom EC stacklayer 1910 can be deposited on the bottom encapsulation layer 1906. Asdiscussed further above, an EC stack layer can include one or more of aCE layer, IC layer, EC layer, etc. In the illustrated embodiment, layer1910 can be one of a CE layer or an EC layer.

As shown in FIG. 19B, outer portions of the bottom EC stack layer 1910and the bottom conductive layer 1908 can be selectively removedproximate to a first side of the EC device 1900, via a removal operation1911, to expose edge portions 1912 of the bottom EC stack layer and thebottom conductive layer. The removal operation, which can include alaser ablation operation, can restrict the edge portions 1912 of atleast the bottom EC stack from the edge of the EC device 1900 at thefirst side of the device. In addition, as shown, the removal operation1911 can expose an outer portion of the bottom encapsulation layer atthe first side of the EC device 1900.

As shown at FIG. 19C, a top EC stack layer 1920 is deposited over thebottom EC stack layer and exposed outer portion of the bottomencapsulation layer at the first side of the EC device 1900. Thedeposited top EC stack layer covers the edge portions 1912 of the bottomEC stack layer 1910 and the bottom conductive layer 1908.

As shown at FIG. 19D, an outer portion of the top EC stack layer 1920can be selectively removed 1930 proximate to the first side of the ECdevice 1900, via a removal operation 1930, to expose the outer portionof the bottom encapsulation layer 1906 proximate to the first side. Theremoval operation 1930, which can include a laser ablation operation,can leave an edge portion 1932 of the top EC layer 1920 which covers theedge portions 1912 of the bottom EC layer 1910 and bottom conductivelayer from exposure to an external environment.

As shown at FIG. 19E, a top conductive layer 1940 is deposited over thetop EC stack layer 1920 and exposed outer portion of the bottomencapsulation layer 1906 at the first side of the EC device 1900. Thedeposited top conductive layer 1940 covers the edge portions 1932 of thetop EC stack layer 1920. As shown, the edge portions 1932 of the top ECstack layer 1920 isolate the top and bottom conductive layers 1940, 1908from each other, while the top conductive layer 1940 isolates the edgeportions 1932 of the top EC stack layer from the external environment.

As shown at FIG. 19F, an outer portion of the top conductive layer 1940,top EC stack layer 1920, and bottom EC stack layer 1910 can beselectively removed proximate to a second side of the EC device 1900,via a removal operation 1950. The removal operation 1950, which caninclude a laser ablation operation, can restrict the edge portions 1952of at least the top conductive layer 1940, top EC stack layer 1920, andbottom EC stack layer 1910 from the edge of the EC device 1900 at thesecond side of the device. As a result, the EC stack layers 1910, 1920are restricted in area from extending through the entire area of the ECdevice 1920. In addition, as shown, the removal 1950 operation canexpose an outer portion of the bottom conductive layer at the secondside of the EC device 1900.

As shown at FIG. 19G, an outer portion of the top conductive layer 1940can be selectively removed 1960 proximate to the first side of the ECdevice 1900. The removal operation 1960, which can include a laserablation operation, can restrict the top conductive layer 1940 from theedge of the EC device 1900 at the first side of the device. As a result,a pathway to couple a bus bar to the bottom encapsulation layer 1906 isestablished.

In some embodiments, the removal operations are referred to as“patterning”. The various layers in the EC device can be patterned withlaser ablation, a succession of precision shadow masks, and/orphotolithography. In some embodiments, the various layers are depositedin the form as shown in FIG. 19G without any removal operation, via oneor more maskings which selectively expose a portion of the EC device,and a layer is deposited in the portion, so that the deposited layer hasa certain shape and size.

Subsequent to removal operation 1960, a top encapsulation layer can bedeposited on the top conductive layer 1940, and one or more sets of busbars can be coupled to the EC device 1900. The bus bars can include twoor more sets of two bus bars per set, so that at least four bus bars areincluded in the device 1900. In some embodiments, a symmetrical apertureshape is achieved by structuring the contacts and the bus bars of thedevice 1900 so that a circularly symmetrical aperture is approximatedbetter by 4+ bus bar segments rather than by 2 bus bars on oppositesides of the device 1900.

FIG. 20A-B illustrate EC device 1900 subsequent to depositing the topencapsulation layer 1970 on the EC device and coupling one or more sets1980, 1982 of bus bars to the EC device, according to some embodiments,so that one set of bus bars 1980 couples to at least an outer portion1984 of a bottom conductive layer 1908 and another set of bus bars 1982couples to an outer portion of a top conductive layer 1940.

As shown, in some embodiments a top encapsulation layer 1970 isdeposited over a portion of the EC device, so that the top encapsulationlayer covers one or more exposed edge portions 1952 of the EC stacklayers 1910, 1920, thereby completing an isolation of the edge portionsof the EC stack layers 1910, 1920 from the external environment.

In some embodiments, the outer portions 1984, 1986 of the conductivelayers is a separate material from the remainder of the respectivelayers 1908, 1940. For example, outer portions 1984, 1986, which areexposed to the external environment, may comprise non-transparentconducting material which resists moisture permeation, while theremainder of the layers 1908, 1940 comprises a transparent conductingmaterial, including TCO, which transports moisture. As a result, theouter portions 1984, 1986 of the conductive layers collectively, withthe encapsulation layers 1970, 1906, preclude moisture permeationbetween the external environment and the EC stack layers 1910, 1920. Theillustrated top encapsulation layer is minimally sufficient to completethe isolation of the EC stack layers 1910, 1920, so that the variousencapsulation layers 1906, 1970 and conductive layers 1908, 1940collectively isolate the EC stack layers 1910, 1920, so that moisturepermeation between the EC stack layers and the external environment isrestricted.

As shown, FIG. 20B shows two different cross sections “A” and “A′” ofthe EC device 1900, where the cross sections A and A′ are perpendicularto each other. As a result, the first side of the EC device 1900 is90-degrees offset from the second side of the EC device 1900.

As noted above, the top encapsulation layer 1970 can include one or moreof an AR layer, IR cut layer, etc. In some embodiments, theencapsulation layer 1970 includes a dense multilayer structure (e.g., upto 100 layers) of alternating high refractive index materials and lowrefractive index materials. Each of the alternating layers may be up to5 microns thick. In some embodiments, the top encapsulation layer 1970covers the EC stack layers, conductive layers, and bus bars. Due to thethick multilayer structure of an encapsulation, the encapsulation layermay reduce moisture permeation so that the EC device is sufficientlyprotected and does not require a top substrate to restrict moisturepermeation.

In some embodiments, an encapsulation layer includes an inorganicmultilayer stack. Such a multilayer structure of alternating high/lowrefractive index materials, e.g. Si₃N₄/SiO₂, can be applied by e.g. ameta mode process (sputtering). This requires very clean surfaces withminimal particles that could contribute to pathways for moisture throughthe film. It is important to have good adhesion of the stack to devicesurfaces and to minimize compressive stress in the stack to <600 MPa.Dense amorphous alternating inorganic stacks can be applied by PECVDmethods. These films can be highly adherent with reduced defects due tothe amorphous, conforming film properties. Dense reduced defectmultilayer coatings can also be applied by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)techniques. ALD techniques which can be utilized include, and are notlimited to, thermal ALD techniques, plasma ALD techniques, etc.

In some embodiments, a multi-layer coating applied by ALD techniquesincludes a multi-layer stack comprising at least a 5 nanometer-thicklayer of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), at least a 5 nanometer-thick layer oftitanium oxide (TiO_(x)), where the multi-layer stack includes a totalthickness which is between 50 nanometers to 200 nanometers, inclusive.In some embodiments, the multi-layer stack includes a total layerthickness which is between 100 nanometers and 150 nanometers,inclusively.

In some embodiments, an encapsulation layer includes a multilayer stackcomprising alternating organic/inorganic units including an organicmonomer including an acrylate and inorganic layer such as SiO₂ or Al₂O₃.A barrier stack can include multiple subsequently deposited dyads toachieve low moisture penetration rates. Such a stack relaxes theparticulate contamination requirement and reduces the chances of cracktype paths through the complete stack. The whole process is done invacuum, and the monomer can be applied as a liquid and rapidly cured.The next deposition can include the inorganic layer, etc. The organiclayer can coat defects conformally and prevent defects from propagatingdirectly through the stack. The pathway for water to enter through thestack is very torturous and the permeation rate can be reduced.

In some embodiments, an encapsulation layer can include a barrier layerstack which is laminated on top of the EC stack. For example, anencapsulation layer can include one or more barrier layers, which caninclude a multi-layer stack, which is formed on a substrate, and thesubstrate can be laminated on the EC stack. The substrate can include athin glass substrate, polymer substrate, etc., which is resistant tomoisture permeation through the substrate. The multi-layer stack caninclude one or more AR layers, IR cut-off filter layers, etc. In someembodiments, the multi-layer stack is at least partially permeable tomoisture, and the substrate on which the multi-layer stack is formed ismoisture-permeation resistant, so the encapsulation layer which includesthe substrate and the multi-layer stack is resistant to moisturepermeation. The substrate can be laminated to the EC stack via one ormore various adhesives, one or more index adaptation layers, etc.

In some embodiments, a barrier film stack, including VITEX™, is formedon a thin polymer substrate, which can include PET. This barrier stackcan then be laminated to an EC device using one or more variousadhesives, including silicone adhesives, other “dry” adhesives such asSENTRYGLAS™, etc.

FIGS. 21A-D illustrates an EC Device 2100 which includes a laminatedencapsulation layer 2120, according to some embodiments. FIG. 21Aillustrates an EC device 2100, which can be included in one or morevarious EC devices illustrated in various other drawings in thedisclosure, includes a single substrate 2102 and various layers2104-2110 deposited on the single substrate, including an obscurationlayer 2104, a bottom encapsulation layer 2105, a bottom conductive layer2106, an EC stack 2107, a top conductive layer 2108, and an indexadaptation layer 2110. The index adaptation layer can enable bonding ofthe laminated encapsulation layer 2120 to the EC device 2100. As shown,encapsulation layer 2120 of FIG. 21A includes a barrier film stack 2116,which can include a multi-layer stack, which is formed on a substrate2114. The encapsulation layer 2120 is laminated on the EC device and isbonded to the device 2100 based at least in part upon an opticaladhesive 2112, and index adaptation layer 2110, etc. In someembodiments, one or more of the illustrated layers may be absent. Forexample, one or more of the obscuration layer 2104 and bottomencapsulation layer 2105 may be absent from an EC device 2100. Thesubstrate 2102 may resist moisture permeation; as a result, the bottomencapsulation layer 2105 may be redundant.

FIG. 21B illustrates an EC device 2100, which can be included in one ormore various EC devices illustrated in various other drawings in thedisclosure, where the arrangement of the substrate and barrier filmstack is altered, relative to the EC device 2100 as illustrated in FIG.21A, so that the barrier film stack is between the substrate and the ECstack. The EC device 2100 illustrated in FIG. 21B includes a singlesubstrate 2102 and various layers 2104-2110 deposited on the singlesubstrate, including an obscuration layer 2104, a bottom encapsulationlayer 2105, a bottom conductive layer 2106, an EC stack 2107, a topconductive layer 2108, and an index adaptation layer 2110. The indexadaptation layer can enable bonding of the laminated encapsulation layer2120 to the EC device 2100. As shown, encapsulation layer 2120 of FIG.21B includes a barrier film stack 2116, which can include a multi-layerstack, which is formed on a substrate 2114. The encapsulation layer 2120is laminated on the EC device and is bonded to the device 2100 based atleast in part upon an optical adhesive 2112, and index adaptation layer2110, etc., so that the barrier film stack 2116 is between the substrateand the EC stack 2107. In some embodiments, one or more of theillustrated layers may be absent. For example, one or more of theobscuration layer 2104 and bottom encapsulation layer 2105 may be absentfrom an EC device 2100. The substrate 2102 may resist moisturepermeation; as a result, the bottom encapsulation layer 2105 may beredundant.

FIG. 21C illustrates an EC device 2100, which can be included in one ormore various EC devices illustrated in various other drawings in thedisclosure, where one or more barrier film stacks are included onmultiple sides of the substrate in the encapsulation layer. The ECdevice 2100 illustrated in FIG. 21C includes a single substrate 2102 andvarious layers 2104-2110 deposited on the single substrate, including anobscuration layer 2104, a bottom encapsulation layer 2105, a bottomconductive layer 2106, an EC stack 2107, a top conductive layer 2108,and an index adaptation layer 2110. The index adaptation layer canenable bonding of the laminated encapsulation layer 2120 to the ECdevice 2100. As shown, encapsulation layer 2120 of FIG. 21C includes twoseparate barrier film stacks 2116 and 2118, one or more of which caninclude a multi-layer stack, which are formed on opposite sides of asubstrate 2114. The encapsulation layer 2120 is laminated on the ECdevice and is bonded to the device 2100 based at least in part upon anoptical adhesive 2112, and index adaptation layer 2110, etc., so thatthe barrier film stack 2116 is between the substrate and the EC stack2107. In some embodiments, one or more of the illustrated layers may beabsent. For example, one or more of the obscuration layer 2104 andbottom encapsulation layer 2105 may be absent from an EC device 2100.The substrate 2102 may resist moisture permeation; as a result, thebottom encapsulation layer 2105 may be redundant.

FIG. 21D illustrates an EC device 2100, which can be included in one ormore various EC devices illustrated in various other drawings in thedisclosure, where barrier film stacks separate from a substrate areabsent from the encapsulation layer. Such an encapsulation layer mayinclude a substrate which is structured to resist moisture permeation.The EC device 2100 illustrated in FIG. 21D includes a single substrate2102 and various layers 2104-2110 deposited on the single substrate,including an obscuration layer 2104, a bottom encapsulation layer 2105,a bottom conductive layer 2106, an EC stack 2107, a top conductive layer2108, and an index adaptation layer 2110. The index adaptation layer canenable bonding of the laminated encapsulation layer 2120 to the ECdevice 2100. As shown, encapsulation layer 2120 of FIG. 21D includes asubstrate 2114, which can be a substrate structured to resist moisturepermeation. The encapsulation layer 2120 is laminated on the EC deviceand is bonded to the device 2100 based at least in part upon an opticaladhesive 2112, and index adaptation layer 2110, etc., so that thebarrier film stack 2116 is between the substrate and the EC stack 2107.In some embodiments, one or more of the illustrated layers may beabsent. For example, one or more of the obscuration layer 2104 andbottom encapsulation layer 2105 may be absent from an EC device 2100.The substrate 2102 may resist moisture permeation; as a result, thebottom encapsulation layer 2105 may be redundant.

In some embodiments, the substrate comprises a thin glass laminate,including a paper glass foil and a layer of adhesive. The thin glasslaminate can include a glass foil that is approximates 25 micrometers inthickness. In some embodiments, the thin glass laminate can include oneor more various thickness. For example, the thin glass laminate can beapproximately 50 micrometers in thickness.

In some embodiments, photochromic or thermochromic materials may be usedin place or in addition to the electrochromic (EC) materials disclosedherein. For example, some regions of a device may compriseelectrochromic materials, including an EC stack, while other regions maycomprise at least one of an electrochromic, photochromic, orthermochromic material. Suitable photochromic materials include, but arenot limited to, triaryl-methanes, stilbenes, azastilbenes, nitrones,fulgides, spriropyrans, naphthopyrans, sprio-oxazines, and quinones.Suitable thermochromic materials include, but are not limited to, liquidcrystals and leuco dyes. Both photochromic and thermochromic materialscan be formed on the substrate in a well-known manner. No bus bars,electrodes, etc. would be needed for photochromic or thermochromicdynamic regions because light and heat respectively modulate theproperties of the materials. One exemplary embodiment using photochromicand/or thermochromic dynamic regions could be a window having at leastone electrochromic dynamic region towards the top of the window that isactively controlled for daylighting, to selectively switch between oneor more particular transmission patterns, etc., and at least onephotochromic dynamic region towards the bottom of the window thatself-darkens when under direct light, and at least a secondelectrochromic region posited in another region of the device.

In some embodiments, one or more EC devices can be used as an aperturefilter, iris, etc. for a camera device, and may be structured toselectively apodize, as discussed further above. In some embodiments,one or more EC devices can be included in architectural ‘motherboards’which can be shipped across extended distance before further processing.In some embodiments, one or more EC devices can be included in one ormore single pane windows for transportation applications and other useswhere weight is important. In some embodiments, one or more EC devices,including one or more EC devices which include a single substrate, canbe used to hide or reveal information on displays for hand held devices,computers, etc. In some embodiments, one or more EC devices can be usedin dynamic eyewear.

Further, it should be understood that one embodiment of the subjectmatter disclosed herein can comprise a window, including anarchitectural window, having a single pane, or lite, that comprises aplurality of independently controlled dynamic regions. Anotherembodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein comprises an insulatedglazing unit (“IGU”) comprising multiple regions of electrochromicwindow on one pane and clear glass on the other pane. Yet anotherembodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein comprises an IGUcomprising multiple regions of electrochromic window on one pane and alow-E, tinted, or reflective glass on the other pane. Still anotherembodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein comprises an IGUcomprising multiple regions of electrochromic window on one pane of theIGU and a patterned or special glass on the other pane in which thepatterning or features may match, compliment, and/or contrast the areasof dynamic regions on the first pane. It should be understood that theforegoing embodiments can be configured, structured, etc. so that thelite comprising the plurality of dynamic region is a clear lite, a low-Elite, a reflective, and/or partially reflective lite.

The various methods as illustrated in the Figures and described hereinrepresent example embodiments of methods. The methods may be implementedin software, hardware, or a combination thereof. The order of method maybe changed, and various elements may be added, reordered, combined,omitted, modified, etc.

Although the embodiments above have been described in considerabledetail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent tothose skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated.It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace allsuch variations and modifications.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus, comprising: an electrochromic (EC)stack, comprising: an EC layer, an ion conducting (IC) layer, and acounter-electrode (CE) layer comprising a plurality of CE layer regions,wherein each CE layer region of the plurality of CE layer regions isstructured to selectively switch to a separate one of at least twodifferent transmission levels, based at least in part upon a particulartransport rate of a particular charged electrolyte species in therespective CE layer region.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: theplurality of CE layer regions comprises: a first CE layer region, whichincludes a first charged electrolyte species having a first transportrate, is structured to selectively switch to a first transmission level;and a second CE layer region, which includes a second chargedelectrolyte species having a second transport rate, is structured toselectively switch to a second transmission level; wherein the firsttransport rate is greater than the second transport rate, such that thefirst CE transmission level is lower than the second transmission level.3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the CE layer is structured toselectively switch between two separate transmission patterns, based atleast in part upon a particular distribution pattern of at least theparticular charged electrolyte species in at least one CE layer regionof the plurality of CE layer regions; wherein the particulardistribution pattern of the at least one particular charged electrolytespecies is associated with at least one transmission pattern of the atleast two separate transmission patterns.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3,wherein: the at least one transmission pattern approximates a Gaussianpattern.
 5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein: the EC stack comprises atleast a portion of a selectively apodized camera aperture filter whichis structured to be selectively apodized; and wherein, to be selectivelyapodized, the camera aperture filter comprises the CE layer structuredto selectively switch between a at least two different transmissionpatterns, based at least in part upon a particular distribution patternof at least the particular charged electrolyte species in at least oneCE layer region of the plurality of CE layer regions.
 6. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein: the particular transport rate of the particularcharged electrolyte species in the respective CE layer region is basedat least in part upon one or more of relative size of the particularcharged electrolyte species or relative binding strengths of theparticular charged electrolyte species to one or more molecular latticestructures of the CE layer region.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of CE layer regions comprise at least one annular regionof the CE layer.
 8. A method of making an electrochromic device, themethod comprising: structuring a counter-electrode (CE) layer of theelectrochromic device to selectively switch to a separate one of atleast two different transmission levels in separate CE layer regions ofa plurality of CE layer regions, wherein the structuring comprises:introducing a separate charged electrolyte species of a plurality ofcharged electrolyte species, each separate charged electrolyte specieshaving a separate transport rate, in each of the separate CE layerregions.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein introducing a separatecharged electrolyte species of a plurality of charged electrolytespecies, each separate charged electrolyte species having a separatetransport rate, in each of the separate CE layer regions comprises:introducing a particular charged electrolyte species in at least oneparticular CE layer region to establish a particular charged electrolytespecies distribution of the particular charged electrolyte species inthe at least one particular CE layer region.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein: the particular charged electrolyte species distribution isassociated with at least a portion of a particular transmission pattern,such that structuring the CE layer to selectively switch to a separateone of at least two different transmission levels in in separate CElayer regions comprises structuring the CE layer to selectively switchto the particular transmission pattern.
 11. The method of claim 8,wherein: introducing a separate charged electrolyte species of aplurality of charged electrolyte species in each of the separate CElayer regions comprises implanting the separate charged electrolytespecies in at least one CE layer region via one or more ion implantationprocesses.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein: implanting the separatecharged electrolyte species in at least one CE layer region via one ormore ion implantation processes comprises: implanting the separatecharged electrolyte species in at least two separate CE layer regions,wherein the separate charged electrolyte species is implanted in eachseparate CE layer region according to a separate one of at least twodifferent sets of ion implantation parameters, to establish differentcharged electrolyte species distributions in each of the at least twoseparate CE layer regions.
 13. The method of claim 12, whereinintroducing a separate charged electrolyte species of a plurality ofcharged electrolyte species in each of the separate CE layer regionscomprises: introducing another separate charged electrolyte species ofthe plurality of charged electrolyte species, in one or more of the CElayer regions, subsequently to implanting the separate chargedelectrolyte species in the at least one CE layer region via one or moreion implantation processes, via a chemical diffusion process.
 14. Themethod of claim 8, wherein: introducing a separate charged electrolytespecies of a plurality of charged electrolyte species in each of theseparate CE layer regions comprises selectively exposing at least one CElayer region to implantation of the separate charged electrolytespecies, based at least in part upon a masking which selectively exposesthe at least one CE layer region to implantation of the separate chargedelectrolyte species.
 15. A method, comprising: introducing separatecharged electrolyte species, each charged electrolyte species having adifferent transport rate, in separate electrochromic (EC) regions of anelectrochromic device.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein introducingseparate charged electrolyte species in separate EC regions comprises:introducing a particular charged electrolyte species into at least oneparticular EC region to establish a particular charged electrolytespecies distribution of the particular charged electrolyte species inthe at least one particular EC region.
 17. The method of claim 16,wherein introducing separate charged electrolyte species in separate ECregions further comprises: introducing another charged electrolytespecies into at least one other EC region to establish a particularcharged electrolyte species distribution of the other chargedelectrolyte species in the other EC region.
 18. The method of claim 17,wherein introducing separate charged electrolyte species in separate ECregions further comprises implanting at least one separate chargedelectrolyte species into at least one selected EC region, via one ormore ion implantation processes.
 19. The method of claim 17, whereinintroducing separate charged electrolyte species in separate EC regionsfurther comprises selectively exposing at least one EC region toimplantation of the separate charged electrolyte species, based at leastin part upon utilizing a focused ion beam (FIB) to selectively implantthe separate charged electrolyte species into the at least one CE layerregion.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein introducing separate chargedelectrolyte species in separate EC regions comprise one or more of:introducing separate charged electrolyte species in a counter-electrode(CE) layer in one or more of the separate EC regions; introducingseparate charged electrolyte species in an ion-conducting (IC) layer inone or more of the separate EC regions; or introducing separate chargedelectrolyte species in an EC layer in one or more of the separate ECregions.